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P1Q3 PREPARATION CONCEPTS - THEORY - ETHNOS - Coggle Diagram
P1Q3 PREPARATION
CONCEPTS - THEORY - ETHNOS
CULTURE / SOCIAL RELATIONS
The organized system of symbols, ideas, explanations, beliefs and material productions that humans create and manipulate in their daily lives.
MARX/ISOR:
Labour is work or tasks that people do in order to meet their physical needs and to reproduce their culture [SOCIAL RELATIONS]
1) Legal labour and labour in underground economy is different but
connected
through gender binary system in which labour creates
social relations
2)
Connected by conforming to patriarchal norms and gendered division of labour in which women do manual labour and men lead and manage
3) Upper management (Ray), Game Room Management (Primo) , Lookouts (Benzie and Caesar). The prices and pay for each level of the socio-economic hierarchy dictated by level above.
4)
Culture is false consciousness because it perpetuates the current system and is ideological/superstructure produced from base
Any relationship between two or more people in a network of relationships. Includes concepts of agency and structure.
IDENTITY / SYMBOLISM
The individual's private and personal view of the SELF. The view of an individual in the eyes of the social group.
MARX/ISOR:
Humans produce their nature through labour.
Alienation is when the individual/worker does not own or have access to the products of their labour.
Primo and Caesar construct their
identities
around their refusal to accept marginilization in the maintstream workforce of Anglo, middle-class white America:
1) Street clothes are
symbolic expression
of power as it resists obedience to the norms of office culture in the workplace in the
finance, real estate and insurance sector (FIRE) in NYC.
2) A symbol of power and status in the context of jibaro street culture.
3) Wearing street clothes is both a reflection of Primo/Caesar's lack of culture capital and exercising of agency against structural oppression in the form of
institutionalized racism
MATERIALITY
The study of the significance that people attach to objects, actions and processes creating networks of symbols through which they construct a culture's web of meaning
CHANGE
The alteration or modification of cultural or social elements in a society. Change may be due to internal dynamics within a society, or the result of contact with another culture or consequence of
globalization
MARXISM/ISOR:
(pg.50): Jibaros in Puerto Rico as a symbol for cultural integrity and self-respect in the face of foreign influence, domination and diaspora. Similar to street culture's resistance to exploitation and marginalization by US society.
Jibaro reinvention:
1) Semisubsistence peasant on private hillside plots.
2) Agricultural labourers on foreign-owned plantations.
3) Factory works in export-platform shantytowns.
4) Sweatshop workers in ghetto tenements.
5) Service sector employees in inner city housing projects.
6) Underground street-entrepreneurs.
Change in
Base/Infrastructure (Forces of Production) and
Labour** (creates human nature/determines social relations) throughout history (diachronic) hence the changing of the symbolic meaning of Jibaro.
However, the state as the structure remains the same because it is still US-hegemony in the form of multi-national corportations. Hence, the core meaning of jibaro will remains as some form of opposition against foreign domination.
MATERIALITY
Objects, resources and belongings have cultural meaning, "the social life of things" (Arjun Appadurai) embedded with all kinds of social relations and practices.
SYM/RG:
The example of Kabre gift-exchange/giving as a way to establish relationships. People use things to access other things. (pg55). Gift exchange is therefore
qualitative and NOT quantitative
because the value of exchange is built upon meaning of relationships established.
Reciprocity
e.g: The establishment of ikpanture or friendship that alternates between two people to meet the others desire that goes back and forth. The borrowning of animals or land. Ikpanture is to make something enduring that "cannot be broken".
The three-tiered system in which different material objects/persons are given different values
POWER/BELIEF AND KNOWLEDGE
A set of convictions, values and viewpoints regarded as the "the truth" and shared by members of a social group. They are underpinned by known cultural experience.
MARXISM/POP:
e.g: Acephie Joseph embodied the inequality within rural community in Haiti where she contracted and died from HIV/AIDS. The lack of education she faced due to her economic background and lack of access to healthcare, meant she lacked the education on safe sex/contraception*
She sells produce in the local market money to sustain her family, it is also insinuated that she had a liason with the soldier so that he taxes could be waived. This critiques
hegemonic discourse
that the poor are lazy - Acephie exercized agency to try extricate herself from poverty but was unsuccessful due to structural violence**
An essential part of social relations considered as a person's or group's capacity to influence, manipulate or control others and resources. Power involves distinctions between members of a social group.
THEORY - Hegemony:
There can be totalizing power that the
state
or a majority has over all aspects of society in every way.
Cultural Hegemony: Has to do with the way that ideas allow a ruling class to remain in power and how these ideas can be embraced as common sense
Hegemony is achieved through the
diffusion and constant reinforcement
throughout the key institutions of society of certain values, attitudes, beliefs, social norms and legal precepts.
THEORY - Foucault
1) Power as something that corrects/alters behaviour of individuals.
2) His work has drawn anthropological attention to the
relational aspects of power,
with a concentration on the contexts of actions and intepretations.
3) Domination is hierarchal and stable; dominated have small margin of liberty, but agency is constrained.
MARXISM/POP:
Structural violence: A form of violence wherein
social structures or institutions
may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs, and perpetuate social inequality or exacerbate disease and illness (POP).
e.g 1: Chouchou Louis is assaulted by soldiers because he criticizes those with power and a branch of the state (the army). He is treated as inferior based on class hierarchy.
e.g 2: Russian prisoners do not have access to and 2nd line drugs to treat MDRTB. Russian authorties cannot afford these drugs partially as a result:
1) capital flight from the USSR to the USA when the former fell = how inequalities
between
states can intersect with inequalities
within
states to perpetuate structural violence.
2) 2nd line drugs not seen as cost effective
The State:
The state is part of the structure which consists of a network of institutions that have power and authority over others. The state is not neutral but protects the interests of the bourgeosie.
e.g: armed forces, judiciary, civil services.
links to hegemonic discourse
Hence, the state may influence the beliefs/knowledge of a particular social/cultural context.