Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chapter 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - ‘Whites’: Coalition of anti-communist army who opposed the Bolshevik government
      - Red Army: Communist army created by Bolshevik government
  - - - Controlled and rename Cheka to people’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)
      - Trotsky’s reputation suffered and support base shrank
      - Replaced opponents’ allies with his own allies
      - Expelled Trotsky from the Party in 1927
      - Had authority to appoint and re-assign Party members
    - - Took advantage of ideological divisions to eliminate competitors
      - Allied with both sides at different times
        
        Once expelled, broke the troika alliance and discredited them
        
        Then allied with radical group to remove Bukharin, Rykov and remaining competitors
        
        Allied with Trotsky’s opponents to get rid of him
      - Communist Party was split into 2 main groups
      - Became the supreme leader of Soviet Union in 1929
    - - Ordered Lenin’s body to be embalmed and displayed, in Lenin’s honour
      - Prevented Trotsky from attending Lenin’s funeral by giving him the wrong date
      - Organised Lenin’s funeral and established himself as chief mourner
      - Portrayed himself as the natural successor to Lenin
      - Gave Party members impression that Lenin trust and favours him
- - - - All offices, factories and classrooms must have picture of Stalin
      - Soviet history was rewritten to elevate Stalin’s status
      - Stalin was praised in films, books, posters, paintings and musicals
      - Used to depict Stalin as the rightful successor to Lenin
      - Stalin was made an undisputed leader in Soviet Union
      - Personalities Stalin regarded as threats were edited out of photos
    - - Kirov Affair
        
        Bolsheviks approached him to be an alternative to Stalin’s position
        
        Kirov was assasinated on 1 December 1934, declared as part of a plot to kill Stalin and other Politburo members after secret police’s ‘investigation’
        
        Sergei Kirov was the head of the Leningrad party organisation in 1930
        
        Stalin used it as an excuse to eliminate his political opponents
      - Purges and show trials
        
        Political Rivals
        
        Extensive purge of Leningrad party
        
        Kaminev, Zinoviev and Bukharin are trialed in public and executed after being accused of conspiring with Trotsky to overthrow the government
        
        They often confess to crimes they did not commit
        
        Red Army
        
        High-ranking commanders and tens of thousands of Red Army were tortured and shot after being accused of treason
        
        Yezhov was in charged of secret police and was also arrested and executed in 1940
        
        Inexperienced members were promoted to positions which Stalin owed
      - Aim to eliminate Soviet government’s enemies and remove domestic opposition between 1934-1938
      - Arrests and interrogation
        
        Peasants, factory workers and intellectuals were arrested then killed on the spot or sent to labour camps with poor living conditions and ill treatment to prevent them from organising oppositions against Stalin’s rule
        
        Nobody dared to oppose or challenge Stalin in such an atmosphere of fear
        
        Secret police arrested, questioned and forced people from informing their friends and family
      - Stalin launched a series of campaigns of political oppression and purges to enforce his power and party discipline
      - Loss of intellectuals, skilled workers and officers
        
        Mass executions shrinked Stalin’s workforce
        
        Loss of administrators, engineers and teachers affected the quality of Soviet Civil Service and efficiency of the government
      - There were sign of opposition to Stalin’s leadership within the Politburo
      - Hardships and Brutalities caused by Stalin made communism unpopular
  - - - Slightest indication of anti-Stalin can be arrested
      - Poor judgement would become harder for them to apply for housing, jobs or holidays
      - Poeple were constantly watched and judged by Stalin’s officials
      - Mistakes could cause them to be sent them to labour camps or even killed
      - Secret poliuce had informers everyone
    - - Compulsory schooling and increased literacy rates
        
        Education was loaded with propaganda and emphasised communism, atheism and technical subjects to meet industrialisation
        
        Growing literacy rates only served interests of Communist Party
        
        Every child was entitled to at least 9 years of free education
      - Stakhanovites
        
        Celbrated by state for their achievements and regarded as heroes
        
        Initially to encourage more peopel to be achievers like Stakhanov
        
        Pressure to meet state targets and oppression by those who failed instead led to uhappiness about the Five Years Plans
        
        Named after Stakhanov
      - Youths
        
        Many were promoted to prominent Party posts
        
        Younger children were encouraged to join Young Pioneers
        
        Outdoor activities taught them to be loyal to Stalin and Communist Party
        
        Sent across Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to work on political campaigns or kolkhozy and industries
        
        Teenagers were encouraged to join komsomol (Communist Union of Youth)
      - Creating “New Soviet man”
        
        Aims to work towards a more proletarian society
        
        Attacks intellectuals, priviledged class, religious leaders and artists
        
        Proud of being part of mordern industry society and willing to serve the state selflessly and enthusiastically through propaganda
        
        Stalin also launched a cultural revolution from 1929-1931
      - Women’s entry into workforce
        
        Childcare centres were built and run by state to allow women to work in factories
        
        Such services was poorly maintained
        
        Industrialisation encouraged women to join workforce
        
        Abortion was made illegal again in 1936
        
        Women were expected work and take care of home simultaneously
        
        Bolsheviks legalised abortion and divorce for women to have more control of their own lives
        
        Soviet guaranteed equal rights to women
      - Minorities nationalities
        
        Stalin believed that mordernisation and industrialisation is more important than cutural traditions
        
        Mmebers of nationalist groups that promotes self-governing were targeted during The Great Terror
        
        Lost their state of being self-governing
        
        It was rumored that millions of Ukrainians who died during the Great Famine was an attempt to attack Ukrainian nationalism
    - - Major social goods like housing, education and health services were determined by state
      - All private enterprise was banned
      - Members of working class or communist party were given special treatment
  - - - Emphasise on heavy industries such as coal, iron, steel and electricity
      - Set quotas for production
      - Fixed working hours and salary
      - Results
        
        Five Year Plans generally seen as a success
        
        Transformed Soviet union into an industrial based for powerful arms industry in 1941
        
        Little growth in consumer industries
        
        Poor coordination and planning of Five Year Plans
        
        Quality of products were sub-standard and hazardous
      - Increased efficiency in farming will free up more farmers to be factory workers
      - Factories produce equipment for mechanisation of farming
      - Aims to rapidly industrialise Soviet Union in 5 years
    - - More farmers could become factory workers
      - Almost all farms in Soviet Union were kolkhozy by 1935
      - More crops could be harvested and exported to raise funds to for industrialisation
      - Measures
        
        Fixed the amount of crops to be produced
        
        State provide equipments such as tractors
        
        Farmers who failed to meet quota were punished
        
        Peasants were forced by shock workers to join kolkhozy and remove kulaks (richer farmers)
      - Larger land could be farmed more efficiently through mechanisation
      - Results
        
        Kulaks killed their animals and burnt their crops to prevent them from being taken by the state
        
        Bad harvests contributed to great famine and millions of peasants died of starvation
        
        Grain harvest dropped between 1931 to 1934
        
        State collected grain to feed industrial town
        
        Peasants who left the countryside work for new factories
      - Small individual farms were merged into kolkhozy ( larger collective farm)