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Chapter 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Clemenceau wanted to make sure Germany will never be strong again to attack France
      - Cripple Germany’s military power
      - Physically close to Germany, vulnerable to German attack
      - Create ‘buffer zone’ between Germany and France
      - Invaded by Germany in 1870 and 1914
    - - Want to put revenge aside and concentrate on a new beginning
      - Also wanted to punish Germany, but not too harsh
      - Wilson wanted a fair peace that will cause lesser resentment and is based on The Fourteen Points
    - - Lloyd George thought a strong Germany would stop communism from spreading across Europe from Russia
      - Britain wanted Germany to be punished but understand that the punishment cannot be too harsh as it might cause another war
  - - - Territorial Reductions
        
        Germany was not allowed to unite with Austria
        
        Gave up territory between Germany and East Prussia to form the Polish Corridor, which gave Poland access to the sea
        
        All colonies will be managed by victorious Allied powers until independence
        
        Lost Alsace-Lorraine and Saar coal region to French
        
        Germany lost all colonies in Africa and Asia Pacific
      - War Guilt
        
        Clause 231 stated that Germany must take full blame for WWI
      - Demiliterisation
        
        Army 100000 men, navy 15000 men, 6 battleships, 24 small ships, no submarines, tanks and air force
        
        Germany’s military must be kept small to be too weak to fight another war
      - TOV was signed in 1871 at Palace of Versailles, gave Germany French territories to humiliate Germany
      - Germany had no choice but to sign it
      - Reparations
        
        Germany had to pay 600million pounds in money and goods as compensation to the Allies for the war damage caused
      - League of Nations was formed to create world peace
    - - Self-Determination and Creation of New Boundaries
        
        Nationalities were staying out of their nation-states, which provided ready quarrel between countries
        
        Germans were angry as the principal of self-determination only applies to winners of war
        
        New states like Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Latvia were created in Europe from former Austro-Hungarian Empire
        
        Principal of self-determination called for creation of independent nation states for various ethnic communities
      - German Economic Loss
        
        France sent its army into Ruhr industrial region of Germany to confiscate coal and other goods in 1923
        
        Worsened economic crisis led to general worker strike in Ruhr
        
        Lost 15% of active male population, and is unable to rebuild its economy
        
        Suffering economic problems but still had to make ongoing payments and surrender coal and other resources to Allies
        
        War Guilt Clause gave Allies the power to demand compensation for WWI
      - Problems after TOV
        
        Germans don’t feel obliged to obey the terms of TOV and called it ‘Diktat’ because it was imposed on them
        
        Weimar government was blamed by the Germans for the humiliation and were called ‘November Criminals’
        
        Weimar Republic was the new government established in Germany
      - German Territorial Reductions
        
        Prevented Germany from merging and unifying with others, especially Austria-Hungary
        
        Caused resentment to German nationalists, as Austria-Hungary speak German.
        
        Injured Germans’ pride and damaged Germany’s economy
        
        Reduced German’s standing amongst world powers
      - Stab-in-the-back theory
        
        Adolf Hitler made used of the opportunity to gain support from Germans and start another war
        
        Some Germans believed that they were not defeated in WWI but betrayed by local politicians
      - German Humiliation
        
        War Guilt Clause was formed based on other harsh terms of TOV hence, it was most controversial and significant term of TOV
        
        Newly-formed post-war Weimar government of Germany had no choice but to accept TOV
        
        Germans felt angered, humiliated and wronged at having to accept total blame for war
- - - - Embargo wasn’t harsh enough to be effective
      - Britain and France bypassed the LON and negotiated with Italy privately
      - LON imposed an economic embargo by attempting to ban sale of arms, rubber and some metals
      - Britain and France refused to impose militery sanctions when Abyssinia appealed to LON
      - Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935
      - Italy conquered Abyssinia and resigned from LON in 1937
    - - Japan occupied large areas of Manchuria
      - Japan renamed a puppet government set up in Manchuria, Manchuko
      - LON condemned Japan’s actions and asked them to retreat
      - Japan resigned from LON and advanced further into China
      - LON failed to come to an agreement on sanctions