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Cognitivism - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Example: Dead Monkeys Smell Bad Divide Multiply Subract Bring Down
      - Example: Divide Multiply Subtract Bring Down
    - - Steps of Division Poster- List 1, 2, 3, and 4
- - - - Rationalism
        
        view that knowledge derives from reason without the aid of senses
        
        distinction between matter and mind
        
        humans learn by recalling or discovering what already exists in the mind
        
        Instructional design issues focus on how best to structure new information in or to facilitate:
        
        the learners' encoding of this new information
        
        recalling of that which is already known
      - Empiricism
        
        the view that experience is the primary source of knowledge
        
        organisms are born with basically no knowledge and anything ilearned is gained through interactions and associations with the environment
- - - - How should instruction be structured?
        
        major tasks of the teacher are:
        
        arranging practice with feedback so that the new information is effectively and efficiently assimilated and or accommodated within the learners' cognitive structure
        
        determining the most effective manner in which to organize and structure new information to tap the learners' previously acquired knowledge, abilities, and experiences
        
        understanding that individuals bring various learning experiences to the learning situation which can impact learning outcomes
        
        strategies used analogies and metaphors
        
        use of framing, mnemonics, concept mapping, advance organizers
        
        organize information in such a manner that learners are able to connect new information with existing knowledge in some meaningful way.
        
        instruction must be based on a student's existing mental structures to be effective
        
        cognitive theories emphasize making knowledge meaningful and helping learners organize and relate new information to existing knowledge in memory.
        
        teachers out to arrange environmental conditions so that students respond properly to presented stimuli
      - What are the basic assumptions/principles of this theory are relevant to instructional design?
        
        use of feedback
        
        cognitivists make use of feedback- knowledge of results- to guide and support accurate mental connections
        
        examine the learner to determine how to design instruction so that it can be readily assimilated
        
        look at the learner to determine his or her predisposition to learning
        
        reinforcement to modify behavior in the desired direction
        
        the behaviorists- look at the learners to determine where the lesson should begin and which reinforcers should be most effective
        
        Creation of learning environments that allow and encourage students to make connections with previously learned material
        
        emphasis on the active involvement of the learner in the learning process
        
        emphasis on structuring, organizing, and sequencing information
        
        use of hierarchical analyses to identify and illustrate prerequisite relationships
      - What types of learning are best explained by the theory?
        
        The actual goal of instruction for both of these viewpoints is often the same to communicate or transfer knowledge to the students in the most efficient, effective manner possible
        
        2 techniques in achieving this effective
        
        knowledge can be analyzed, decomposed, and simplified into basic building blocks
        
        standardization
        
        simplification
        
        cognitive theories are usually considered more appropriate for explaining complex forms of learning
      - How does transfer occur?
        
        the knowledge must be stored in memory but the uses of that knowledge as well
        
        function of how information is stored in memory
      - What is the role of memory?
        
        assisting learners in organizing that information in some way
        
        when information is stored in memory in an organized, meaningful manner
      - How does learning occur?
        
        the learner is an active participant in the learning process
        
        learning is concerned not so much with what learned do but with what they know and how they come to acquire it
        
        discrete changes between states of knowledge rather than with changes in the probability of response
      - Which factors influence learning?
        
        changing the learner by encouraging him or her to use appropriate learning strategies
        
        emphasis on corrective feedback
        
        instructional explanations, demonstrations, illustrative examples, and matched non-examples are considered to be instrumental in guiding student learning
        
        emphasizes the role that environmental conditions play in learning