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Crash Course: Media Literacy - Coggle Diagram
Crash Course: Media Literacy
Difference between media messages and media effects
Is media truly harmful?
Education in schools
Regulations(Film ratings)
Fake news
Media messages
: Values and ideas media promotes
Media effects
: Influence and consequence on audience
Creator's experience and environment affect everything they create
Stuart Hall's Theory of Encoding and Encoding
Popularised in 1973
Message is encoded by creator during production
Already understood meanings and symbols are used
Aim is for recipient to understand. They have their own mental dictionaries.
Message is decoded by applying knowledge. Consumers interpret messages uniquely, leaving room for miscommunication.
What is Media Literacy?
Skills: Navigating pop culture, being a better person, better communication
Field of study that comprises and overlaps many different theories and subjects, from critical thinking and physcholoy to linguistics and ethics.
Ability to access, analyse, evaluate, create and act using all communication forms.
Media
:Plural of medium or multiple mediums
Examples: Books, films ,paintings, songs, poems, video games, newspapers, tweets, push notifications
The Media
: Umbrella term for things that distribute news
Wasn't a thing until 1960s
Digital Literacy: skills required to use digital media
Avoiding scams and catfishing
Access internet and send emails
News Literacy: Skills needed to navigate news media
Trustworthy sources, sharing news responsibly, how news is gathered, identifying false news
History of Media Literacy
Root of concerns is literacy- Very expensive and time consuming
1452
: Johannes Gutenberg invents movable printing press. Print made easy to produce and papers and pamphlets shared.
Shared by word of mouth and education was informal unless lucky and rich
1890
: First motion pictures
Socrates believed the biggest problem in Greek Society was writing things down
As media became cheaper, more people are able to become literate
Problem for people in power. Easier to control subjects with Word of Law when they can't read
Most religious rely on clergy's interpritation.
1517
Martin Luther publishes 95 Theses
Church didn't and shouldn't have the only power to interpret scripture.
Translates Bible from Latin to German
closely follows history of media technology
New invention= discussion and fears
those in power wanted to gatekeep info.
Most media is government controlled.
Newspaper is first mass media and also makes money.
important in 1800s as it becomes a democratic force. Era of "Penny Press"
Profit over truth
Yellow Journalism
Misleading headlines, exaggerated stories, faked interviewed, dramatised for attention
Sensationalism over professionalism and ethics
Selling a story instead of facts
Late 1980s- Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst go head to head, focusing less on facts
Before mass media: Concerns over access, WHO is literate? WHAT info and HOW they get it?
Protectionism
Public (young children) secretly in grave danger
Cultural defensiveness: Less cultural value
Tv rotting brains.
political defensiveness: Protection from false beliefs and ideologies
Propaganda
Moral defensiveness: Effects of sex, violence, consumerism
Ability of content to "corrupt young minds"- Violent video games
Can lead to
moral panic
Reaction of public to perceived threat of social norms
Stereotypes, sexism, racism, homophobia
Media and money
collection of money making industries
mostly made by specific people with specific pay checks
Certain systems block or perpetuate stereotypes. persists due to MONEY
Media is made
Choices made each step, what and how to create
Based on life experiences, preferences, money+how to make more
Purpose: WHY (affects how we think about others) Focus: WHAT (can be manipulated)
Movies: Make money and entertain but also bring up important topics and cultural conversations
Advertisement: Convince viewer to buy product
Why? Purpose (Entertain, inform, persuade) - Reason why helps to understand impact
cycle preventing different voices creating different kinds of media
Cultural power in hands of few
Deal and [present topics as representation. Disproportionately run by cis-het white men. Can lead to stereotypes
Media and the Mind
Brain designed to take shortcuts- hard when navigating media
Cognitive load
News habit: rain automates turning tv on and making sense of info
Efficiency is ideal for brushing teeth, not analysing complex info
Information satisficing
Simple, understandable, fills in gaps
Ready to believe, dangerous to media literacy
Busy/not concerned with hunting down right answer, accept answer in front of us
Law of Closure- Not formed objectively, use prior knowledge to "complete the picture"
Schema
Worst impulses
:
Inherent desire to connect dots, makes us vulnerable to misinformation
Brain relies on thought pattern- how brain understands outcome of task and strategy to get there. Response has subconscious reaction response
False memory- Line between memory and misinformation- Easier to create than change
hunting for info we already believe is true
publishers, advertisers, tech companies exploit this
Confirmation Bias
Hunting for info we already think is true
Facebook, twitter built to reward this
Seek info we prefer, understand, believe. Easier emotionally and cognitively, Likelier to believe what aligns with our bias and less likely if not
Take away different meanings to eachother
Media Skills
CREATE
Posting to social media
ANALYSE
locating highest quality content, all media is constructed with purpose and pov
Who? what is purpose? what techniques used? what, lifestyles, values, points depicted? How others interpret? what is left out?
ACT
Deleting apps after realising you're addicted
ACCESS
Homework- Essential and easy, Unevenly distributed, Often taken for granted, 5 million Americans don't have home internet access which is crucial to functioning
EVALUATE
Accuracy, reliability, Relevance, Basic Human Right by UN in July 2016
Future Literacies
Preparing for future
Data Literacy