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Classification of a nucleus, Artificial Transmutation, Zone of Stability…

- - - - Proton
      - Neutron
  - - - X : Element (Nucleus of the element)
      - A: Mass Number
        (no. of nucleous)
        
        Dictates the physical properties of ep density, b.or, melting pr
      - Z: Atomic number
        (No. of proton)
        = No. of electrons in a neutral atom
        
        Determines the cernical properties
  - - - Examples
      - Classification
        
        Natural
        
        Uranium
        
        Synthetic (artificial)
        
        Fluorine
      - Elements with the same atomic number but different mass number
        (ie. different no. of neutrons)
    - - Definition
        
        Isotopes that undergo radioactive decay
      - Radioactivity/ Radioactive Decay
        
        Definition
        
        Spontaneous emission of radiations (alpha, beta, and gamma) from within an unstable nucleus of an element
        
        Mass of energy is converted into energy according to
        
        E: Energy of the radiation
        
        : Mass of the nucleus that is lost as energy
        
        Radiation
        
        Types
        
        Gamma
        
        EM Wave
        
        (not applicable)
        
        (not applicable)
        
        fastest (c)
        
        Highest (requires cm of Pb sheets to stop)
        
        Lowest
        Undeflected
        
        Undeflected
        
        Alpha
        
        Helium Nucleus
        
        +2e
        
        Slowest (upto about 0.2C)
        
        Least (can be stopped by sheets of paper)
        
        Highest
        Deflected towards negative plate
        
        Deflected as a positively charged particle
        
        Beta
        
        Electron
        
        -1e
        
        Fast (upto 0.99c)
        
        High (can be stopped by a few cm of Ae)
        
        Low
        Deflected towards positive plate
        
        Deflected as a negatively charged particle
        
        Identifying Radiation
        
        Steps
        
        Identity
        
        Relative Charge
        
        e: Fundamental charge
        
        Relative Mass
        
        u: Atomic mass unit
        
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        Relative speed
        
        Relative Penetration
        
        Relative ionisation
        
        Effects of Electric Field
        
        Effects of Magnetic Field
        
        How it's Detected
        
        Sontillation Counter
        
        Spark Counter
        
        Gold Leaf Electroscope
        
        GM Counter (Geiger- Muller Counter)
        
        Wilson's Cloud Chamber
        
        . Photographic Plates
        
        Radio-Isotopes
        
        Elements that undergo radioactive dcay
        
        Types
        
        Natural Radio-isotopes
        
        Occur in nature
        
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        Artificial Radio-isotopes
        
        Synthesised by artificial transmutation
        
        Transmutation
        
        Change in the identity of the nucleus of an element through a changing atomic number.
        
        Types
        
        Natural
        
        Through radioactive decay of natural Isotopes
        
        2 more items...
        
        Artificial
        
        As a result of bombardment of nucleus with another particle
        
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        Any alpha or beta decay will result in transmutation
        
        Process of Natural Transmutation
        
        Alpha Decay: Release of an alpha particle
        
        + + Energy
        
        The kinetic energies of the alpha-particles was more or less in uniform
        
        Beta-Decay
        
        a) Beta-Negative Decay
        
        decay - release of electron
        
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        b) Beta-Positive Decay
        
        decay- release of anti-electron or positron
        
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        The kinetic energy of the beta-particles in B-decay was very non-uniform
        
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        Enrico Fermi
        
        Explained the origin of B-decay
        
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- - - - For
        
        Artificial Transmutation to synthesise (new) elements
        
        Research to validate theories
        
        Such as Big Bang Theory
  - - - Cyclotron
        
        Major Limitation
        
        Enormous chamber needed
      - Synchrotron
        
        Traits
        
        The radius is kept constant even though the speed v keeps increasing
        
        The magnetic field strength increases continuously as the particle goes from one chamber to the other
        
        Radius is constant
        
        Velocity is increasing
        
        Period and time taken to go through each chamber decreases
        
        Frequency of AC voltage must increase
      - Linear Particle Accelerator
        
        1 - 8
        
        Hollow tubes with increasing lengths
        
        alternate tubes connected in series to a source of hf ac voltage (MHZ)
        
        Adjacent tubes have opposite polarities
        
        Field exists in space between tubes but not in hollow tube
        
        an introduced particle experiences a force but will have constant velocity
        
        Limitations
        
        Length of Chamber is enormous
- - - - unstable: undergoes further decay
- - - - positively-charged and therefore experiences sharp repulsion from the nucleus : hence must be very highly energised
- - - - Advantages
        
        Naturally attracted to nucleus
      - Limitations:
        
        Tiny and light
        
        therefore easily scattered by other electrons in the element
        
        Also probably hot b.particl will strike the nucleus is low
  - - - Due to repulsion from nucleus
      - Also small beta positive particles have lower probability of striking the nucleus
- - - - Unstable isotope which undergoes further decay
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