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Grammar - Coggle Diagram

- - - - But the Greeks and Romans were unable to determine how languages are related
  - - - Boas challenged the application of conventional methods of language study to those non-Indo-European languages with no written records, such as the ones spoken by Native North Americans
        
        Descriptive linguists developed precise and rigorous methods to describe the formal structural units in the spoken aspect of any language
    - - Jespersen, like Boas, thought grammar should be studied by examining living speech rather than by analyzing written documents
- - - - Bloomfield defined this movement in the hopes of designating his field of study as scientific, Liles continues to explain the reason for the formation of structural grammar
        
        There were a number of reasons which caused the structuralists to become disenchanted with traditional grammar and to try to develop a more satisfactory approach
        
        This new theory, structural grammar, is defined broadly as “any grammar in which there is an attempt to describe the structure of the grammatical sentence…”
        Structural grammar is most often characterized as a procedure known as substitution. In this process word class and also structures are expanded into larger structures
        
        Structural grammar truly focused on the function of words and sentences. Not only do they concentrate on the function of words but also the characteristics of words
        
        Grammar and its ever-changing theory of correctness have had quite an impact on not only the educational system but also the world as we know it. There is no sense of community in terms of what is truly believed to be correct grammar
  - - - The procedures and results of structural grammar have been absorbed into transformational grammar where they appear in base component
        
        Though transformational grammar seems quite complex the entire theory is roughly contained within two rules.
        
        “The fundamental idea is that surface structures are formed through the interaction of at least two distinct types of rules: base rules, which generate abstract phrase structure representations; and transformational rules, which move elements and otherwise rearrange structures to give the surface structures”
        
        An important part of Chomsky’s contribution to transformational grammar was the construction of kernel sentences. “Kernel sentences are basic simple statements or declarative sentences. They contain two essential parts; a noun phrase and a verb phrase, in that order”
  - - - These traditional textbooks were divided into two classes
        
        The textbooks that dealt with, orthography, etymology, syntax, and prosody
        
        Lessons of composition, spelling, pronunciation, sentence analysis, technical grammar and general information
      - Traditional grammarians followed the previous outlines, which had been laid down, by depending on the ancient text traditional grammarians were left to use two forms of influence in producing the premises of their theory.
        
        These two influences were the main determinations in dissecting sentences and word usage and were usually based on mere logic and Latin grammar
        
        Traditional grammar was a very difficult and strict theory, consists of prescription. Traditional grammarians prescribed grammar by giving specific names and definitions to parts of speech. Traditional grammarians made sure that all words served a single purpose
        
        Traditional grammar also laid the foundation of the use of diagrams in the labeling and dissecting of sentences. Traditional grammar could quite honestly hold some of the most difficult as well as some of the easiest charts in the world of grammar
- - - - Prescriptive grammars state how words and sentences are to be put together in a language so that the speaker will be perceived as having good grammar, this is only one way to look at word and sencente formation in language
  - - - These approaches to grammar (prescriptive, historical, comparative, functional, and descriptive) focus on word building and word order
        
        Grammar to the prescriptivist, historian, comparativist, functionalist, and descriptivist is the organizational part of language–how speech is put together, how words and sentences are formed, and how messages are communicated