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Grammar - Coggle Diagram
Grammar
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The three main theoretical perspectives of grammar since the nineteenth century have been traditional grammar, structural grammar, and transformational grammar
Structural grammar
During the second quarter of the twentieth century, there emerged a new school of linguistics, known as structuralism. Leonard Bloomfield is said to be responsible for beginning this movement in 1933 through the publication of “Language.”
Bloomfield defined this movement in the hopes of designating his field of study as scientific, Liles continues to explain the reason for the formation of structural grammar
There were a number of reasons which caused the structuralists to become disenchanted with traditional grammar and to try to develop a more satisfactory approach
This new theory, structural grammar, is defined broadly as “any grammar in which there is an attempt to describe the structure of the grammatical sentence…”
Structural grammar is most often characterized as a procedure known as substitution. In this process word class and also structures are expanded into larger structures
Structural grammar truly focused on the function of words and sentences. Not only do they concentrate on the function of words but also the characteristics of words
Grammar and its ever-changing theory of correctness have had quite an impact on not only the educational system but also the world as we know it. There is no sense of community in terms of what is truly believed to be correct grammar
Transformational grammar
“Since the late 1950’s structural grammar has been challenged by transformational grammar” (Liles 12). This new theory also consisted of very new ideas
The procedures and results of structural grammar have been absorbed into transformational grammar where they appear in base component
Though transformational grammar seems quite complex the entire theory is roughly contained within two rules.
“The fundamental idea is that surface structures are formed through the interaction of at least two distinct types of rules: base rules, which generate abstract phrase structure representations; and transformational rules, which move elements and otherwise rearrange structures to give the surface structures”
An important part of Chomsky’s contribution to transformational grammar was the construction of kernel sentences. “Kernel sentences are basic simple statements or declarative sentences. They contain two essential parts; a noun phrase and a verb phrase, in that order”
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Traditional grammar
The so-called facts of traditional grammar books were first codified in the eighteenth century and have been copied from one grammar book to another over a period of about two hundred years
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Traditional grammarians followed the previous outlines, which had been laid down, by depending on the ancient text traditional grammarians were left to use two forms of influence in producing the premises of their theory.
These two influences were the main determinations in dissecting sentences and word usage and were usually based on mere logic and Latin grammar
Traditional grammar was a very difficult and strict theory, consists of prescription. Traditional grammarians prescribed grammar by giving specific names and definitions to parts of speech. Traditional grammarians made sure that all words served a single purpose
Traditional grammar also laid the foundation of the use of diagrams in the labeling and dissecting of sentences. Traditional grammar could quite honestly hold some of the most difficult as well as some of the easiest charts in the world of grammar
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kinds of grammar
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Descriptive grammar
Descriptive grammars contain actual speech forms recorded from native speakers of a particular language and represented by means of written symbols
These approaches to grammar (prescriptive, historical, comparative, functional, and descriptive) focus on word building and word order
Grammar to the prescriptivist, historian, comparativist, functionalist, and descriptivist is the organizational part of language–how speech is put together, how words and sentences are formed, and how messages are communicated
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