Ancient Civilizations :



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mesopotamia

Ancient Egypt

location: On page 6, it said that the Euphrates and Tigris River run through the Middle East. Originally, the people who lived there didn't have a name for it, but the Greeks called it Mesopotamia. (Steele)
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writing: In the text is said that When the first cities came, people started to keep record of deals and ownership of things. The sumerians made the worlds first writing system. (Steele 12 image

Architecture: The Author wrote that Ziggurats were made to represent a mountain that stretched from Earth to the heavens. They were thought to be the earthly dwelling places for the gods. (Steele 24) image

Art: In the passage, it says that at an early part of their history, the Mesopotamians mastered many arts and technologies. It also says that in a time before 3500 BCE, The mesopotamians created the first potter's wheel, used to make pottery.(Steele 28) image

Government: In the text, it talked about the laws of Hammurabi and the carvings in the stone. It also said that The stone holding the laws was of the most important monuments to survive the ancient world.(Steele 30) image

Religion: In the text it said that every city had a different deity to worship. When there was a crescent, it was thought to be the boat of the Moon god, Sin. (Steele 14)
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Location: In the text it said that 90 percent of egypt is covered in sand. The egyptians lived near Nile River and used it to farm because it had rich soil.(Hart 8) image

Writing: The Author wrote that the hieroglyphs were the writing system used by the egyptians that consisted of a bunch of pictures. It also tells how the scribes used hieroglyphs so that they could keep their rank because hieroglyphs were hard to write. (Hart 34) image

Architecture: In the passage it said that the first pyramid had large steps going to the grave of the dead king because it represented the steps to the sun god. It also says that the purpose for the pyramids was to protect the graves.( Hart 20)
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Art: In the passage it said that the Egyptians had public festivals were thousands were entertained with singing and music. They used a lot of gold for necklaces and jewelry because it could be beaten into shape. (Hart 50, 56) image

Government: The author wrote that the Egyptians had a king who was considered a god and a Pharaoh. The Pharaoh would adopt a "co-regent" to look after the kingdom once he died.(Hart 12) image

Religion: on page 24 it says that the egyptians worshiped multiple gods and goddesses because they were polytheistic. It says that the gods would take animal forms.(Hart 24) image

Ancient China

Writing: On page 11, it said oracle bones were used to consult ancestors about important matters by the Shang kings. To make an oracle bone they would use an ox bone or tortoiseshell. They would burn the bone and the cracks were deciphered as the answers to their questions. ( Cotterell) image

Art: In the text, it said that emperor Qin built 1,000's of terracotta Soldiers to protect his Burial sight. Along with the soldiers, there was also terracotta weapons and chariots. Not one of the soldiers have the same facial features.
( Cotterell 16)
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Location: In the text, it said that the first Chinese dynasty ruled in the greater part of northern China. Their main land was around the Yellow River, which had fertile soil. The southern part of China had the Yangtze River, which was used for farming rice. ( Cotterell 38, 10)
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Architecture/ Technology: On page 22, it says that China Came up with some of the worlds best inventions. They created items like paper, gunpowder, and printing, and these methods and items were taken to be traded on the Silk Road. There was also the creation of the first instrument used to monitor earthquakes. (Cotterell) image

Trade/Commerce: In the passage it said that trade flourished during the Mongol and Yuan dynasty from the Silk Road, which ran from northern China across Asia. It also flourished because caravans could travel with running into danger. A multitude of luxuries were traded on the Silk Road such as spices, teas, porcelain, and Silk.(Cotterell 58) image

Religion: In the passage, it talks about how Imperial China's religious beliefs were divided into 3 different ways, which include Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Both Confucianism and Daoism arose from times of war and turmoil. Also, both of these religions encouraged more peaceful behavior in warfare. (Cotterell 26) image

Government: In the text, it says that Imperial China had multiple walled towns and cities around the land, and with the enclosed communities were the centers of the government. It also says that the Government and poor lived on opposite sides of the Cities or towns. It says that the police kept exact registers of all the people in their houses. (Cotterell 40) image

Indus Valley

Location: In the text it talks about how the Indus valley covers a small portion of today's India, and a large chunk of modern day Pakistan, along with a small bit of Afghanistan. Some archeologists reported ancient cities from the Mesopotamians and the egyptians. A few of these include Mohenjo-daro and harappa. Link image

Government: In the passage, it talks about how the Aryan Civilization had 4 classes. They also lived in groups called Ganas. These Gana's were made of many different families.
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Architecture/technology: In the text it said that many places had running water from their house to the cover drains. The city is very advanced with long staight streets. The walls were created to protect the city from flood. [Link]) image

Religion: In the text, it says that the Aryans have sacred writing called the Vedas. It is writing that is mostly religious, but it does have some stories about victories the Aryans had when invading India. There are also 2 epic poems which tell stories of Kings, heroes, and Wards. (Link image

Writing: The passage says that most of the Aryan's writing can't be deciphered. Since the writing can't be understood people that study really have no information about the written language.Over 400 different symbols have been discovered. Link Title image