Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Deconstruction of the investigation - Coggle Diagram
Deconstruction of the investigation
Ethical considerations in psychological research
Balance the benefits of the research and risks to the participants, always put the participants in first
Make sure consent from participants are collected, and is based on understanding and knowlege
Use participants that are willing to join, not force them to join
Protect participants from psychological and physical harm
Remove any negative after-effects
Take responsibility for the research
Always be honest to the participants
Never exploit the participants
Debrief the participants
Always maintain and retain confidentiality
Factors that might influence the results of the experiment
Extraneous variables
Extraneous variables are variables other than the independent variable that causes change in the dependent variable in an experiment.
Consequence: more difficult to conclude whether the changes occurred in the dependent variable have results because of the independent variable and not other variables
Participants having PE classes prior to the experiment
Participants arrived early so resting heartbeat might be lower
Participant variables
Affect the way participants respond such as their intelligence
Personality characteristics
Emotional state
Motivation
Biological sex
Cultural background
Awareness
Situational variables
Noice
Loud discussion outside the room
Persistent background noise
time of the day
air temperature
Caffeine intake
Drug intake
Prior activities such as PE classes
Demand characteristics:
Clues in the environment that suggest how a participant should behave
Experimenter effects:
When a researcher unintentionally suggests clues for how a participant should behave
MAIN ISSUE: measurement of heart rate
Various methods were used
Self measurements
Watches
Detecter connected to phone app
This affects the results as various methods can alter the consistency of results collected
Advantages of using heart rate
Easy to measure
Clear trend
Numeric (quantitative data)
Put in calculations
Clear representation of state of arousal
Heart rate is a measure of emotional arousal
Independent Variable
Type of music played to participants
Potential problems
There are a lot of music genre exist nowadays
Hard to choose one specific type of music to investigate on
Only two types of music was focused in the investigation
Should choose more distinct music type; classical and rock; jazz...
Segments exposure might be too long or short
Segments played from speaker where participants might be exposed to different volume of the music hence affecting their arousal as volume plays a role on it.
Dependent Variable
Methods
Laboratory experiment
Pros: good to investigate cause and effect relationship, easy to conduct/ replicate, use of equipment, that are accurate for measurements.
Cons: conditions may not link to real-life, participants in a lab is aware they are taking part so this may change their natural behaviour.
Field experiment
Pros: less artificial as it reflects more closely to behaviour in the real world, more realistic. Also good for investigating cause and effect relationship
Very hard to replicate and are costly, time consuming.
Surveys
Pros: time saving, is simple and straightforward, data collected can be easily interpreted
Cons: wording of questions might be confusing or misleading, researcher effects and participants may be influenced by factors
Case studies
Pros: very useful in initial stage of research, this lead to in-depth study to know more about the topic.
Cons: difficult to conclude what is the truth, possible bias from the observer. Also may be inaccurate.
Naturalistic
Pros: can make conclusion easily, experimenter effects reduced, can study behaviour where variables cannot be manipulated.
Cons: bias from observer, and is difficult to repeat the research because natural setting varies from another, and is costly.
Sample Size
The sample size is not sufficient to make inferences about the population as it is too small to generalise a conclusion
Research designs
Quantitative observation
Pros:
Rapid data collection
Radomised samples
Reliable and repeatable information
Findings and results can be generalised
Research is anonymous
Researcher can perform the research remotely
Suitable for large samples
Cons:
Cannot follow up on answers
Cost
no access to feedback
Potential harm to environment
Research is not conducted in normal environment
Limited set of answers on surveys
Qualitative
Pros:
Indepth exploration of behaviours
In-depth investigation on attitudes
Discussions can be made
Flexible in methods used to collect qualitative data
Cons:
Sample size
Bias in selecting sample
Ethical issues
Moderating the results
Experimental
Pros:
Researcher have control over variables
Can use sample to determine and make conclusion for population
Greater transferability than other research
Bias can be reflective
Cons:
Human errors
Bias
Researcher effects
Sample too small may not be representative
Results might be artificial
Groups may not be comparable
Difficult to measure human response
Results may only apply to one situation and may be difficult to replicate