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The Older Adult - Coggle Diagram
The Older Adult
GI system
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Decline in hydrochloric acid- increase in incidence of gastric irritation, interferes with absorption of calcium, iron, folic acid, and vitamin b12
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Slow peristalsis, inactivity, reduced food/fluid intake, drugs, low-fiber diet-- all increase the risk of constipation
Bile salt synthesis decreases- increase in the risk of gallstone development and affects digestion of fats
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Musculoskeletal system
Reduced muscle mass, strength, and movement (strength lost by 2% each year)
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THIS SYSTEM IS RELATED TO THE URNIARY SYSTEM-- NOCTURIA (NIGHT TIME URINATION) CAN INCREASE THE RISK FOR FALLS/INJURY DUE TO POOR LIGHTING, DISORIENTATION, AND POSTURAL HYPOTENSION
VISION CHANGES (SENSORY) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM BECAUSE VISION PROBLEMS INCREASE THE RISK FOR FALLS AND INJURY
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This system is associated with osteoporosis- men over 80 y/o, women over 65 y/o-- metabolic disease of the bones
Respiratory system
Calcification of costal carriage, trachea, and rib cage more rigid
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Ventilation control- decreased reaction of peripheral and central chemoreceptors to hypoxia and hypercapnia
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Cardiovascular
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Myocardial muscle less efficent- decreased contractile strength and prolonged cardiac cycle- unable to meet the demands of increased activity
Aorta becomes dilated- slight ventricular hypertrophy, thickening of left ventricular wall
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Arteriosclerosis can cause vascular problems such as PVD, edema, coronary artery disease, etc.
Nervous system
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Reduction in neurons, nerve fibers, and cerebral blood flow
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HYPOTHALAMUS BEING LESS EFFECTIVE IN THERMOREGULATION CAN BE RELATED TO LOSS OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT (PHYSICAL CHANGES)
Physical Appearance
Hair loss, graying and wrinkles
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Loss of tissue elasticity: elongated ears, baggy eyelids, double chin
Diminished stature related to reduced hydration, loss of cartilage, and thinning vertebrae
LOSS OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT CAN BE RELATED TO THERMOREGULATION CHANGES IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS (NERVOUS SYSTEM)
Urinary system
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Reduced bladder capacity- urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia
THIS SYSTEM IS RELATED TO THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM-- NOCTURIA (NIGHT TIME URINATION) CAN INCREASE THE RISK FOR FALLS/INJURY DUE TO POOR LIGHTING, DISORIENTATION, AND POSTURAL HYPOTENSION
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Integumentary
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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS RELATED TO THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM BECAUSE THE INCREASED RISK FOR INFECTIONS CAN BE CAUSED BY INTEGUMENTARY CHANGES SUCH AS THINK SKIN THAT PROVIDES A LESS EFFECTIVE BARRIER
Sensory changes
Vision
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Presbyopia- inability to focus on close objects clearly due to reduced elasticity and stiffening of the muscle fibers of the lens
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Loss of photoreceptor cells- light perception threshold decreases, dark and light adaptation takes longer, and difficulty with vision at night
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VISION CHANGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM BECAUSE VISION PROBLEMS INCREASE THE RISK FOR FALLS AND INJURY
Touch
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Reduced ability to sense pressure, discomfort, change in temperature
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Taste and smell
Decreased saliva, poor oral hygiene, and medications
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Immune system
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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS RELATED TO THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM BECAUSE THE INCREASED RISK FOR INFECTIONS CAN BE CAUSED BY INTEGUMENTARY CHANGES SUCH AS THINK SKIN THAT PROVIDES A LESS EFFECTIVE BARRIER