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The older adult - Coggle Diagram

- - - - chronic and progressive movement disorder that initially causes tremor in one hand, stiffness or slowing of movement
    - - Tremors, trembling of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face
      - Stiffness of the arms, legs and trunk
      - Slowness of movement
      - Poor balance and coordination
      - Speech difficulty
    - - medications
        
        dopamine precurson
        
        catechol-o-methyltransferase inhibitors
        
        dopamine agonists
        
        MAO-B inhibitors
      - procedures
        
        deep brain stimulation
        
        carbidopa/levodopa enteral suspension
        
        thlamotomy
        
        palliodotomy
      - therapy
        
        physical therapy
        
        occupational therapy
      - self-care
        
        Perform physical activities and take practical measures to avoid falling
- - - - Drooling
      - Choking often while eating
      - Often coughing or gagging when swallowing
      - Recurrent heartburn
      - Sensation of food getting stuck in the throat or chest, or behind the breastbone
      - Unexplained weight loss
      - Regurgitation - bringing food back
      - Difficulty in gulping
      - Inability to control saliva in the mouth
    - - medications
        
        botulinum toxin
      - procedures
        
        endoscopic dilation
      - therapy
        
        exercise therapy
        
        swallowing therapy
        
        nutritional therapy
      - nutrition
        
        thicken liquids
    - - condition with difficulty in swallowing food or liquid. This may interfere in a person’s ability to eat and drink
- - - - Shortness of breath
      - Chest tightness or pain
      - Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of asthma in children
      - Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing
      - Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu
    - - self-care
        
        keep body warm
        
        avoid smoking and allergens
      - procedures
        
        bronchial thermoplasty
      - medications
        
        xanthines
        
        beta-2-agonist tablets
        
        leukotriene-modifying agents
        
        IL-4 antagonist
        
        inhaled long-acting beta 2 agonists
        
        steroid tablet
        
        inhaled steroids
        
        IL-5 antagonist
        
        inhaled short-acting beta-2-agonists
        
        IL-5 receptor antagonist
      - Nutrition
        
        eat foods rich in vitamin C, E, and omega-3
    - - lung disorder characterized by narrowing of the airways, the tubes which carry air into the lungs, that are inflamed and constricted, causing shortness of breath, wheezing and cough
- - - - medication
        
        analgesics
        
        antiemetic
        
        alpha blockers/calcium channel blockers
      - procedures
        
        extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
        
        percutaneous nephrolithotomy
      - nutrition
        
        calcium rich foods
        
        foods rich in oxalate
        
        animal protein
    - - Presence of stones in the kidney due to a decrease in urine volume or excess of stone-forming substances in the urine. This causes back pain, abdominal pain, burning sensation during urination, blood in urine and fever
    - - Pain in the abdomen or lower back, which is intermittent and severe radiating to groin, and testis in males is the most striking feature
      - Pain worsens during movement
      - Blood in urine
      - Pus in urine
      - Fever
      - Difficulty in urination, feeling of urgency, frequent, painful, burning urination
      - Nausea, vomiting, chills and fever are seen in case of infection
      - Urinary retention
- - - - Severe headache
      - Shortness of breath
      - Nosebleed
      - Severe anxiety
      - Feeling of pulsations in the neck or head
    - - medications
        
        beta blockers
        
        diuretics
        
        angiotensin-converting enzyme
        
        angiotensin II receptor blockers
        
        calcium channel blockers
        
        renin inhibitors
      - nutrition
        
        eat fruit, veggies, and low-fat dairy foods
        
        cut back on foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats
        
        eat more whole-grain foods, poultry, and nuts
    - - chronic elevation of blood pressure that, in the long-term, causes end-organ damage and results in increased morbidity and mortality
- - - - chronic inflammatory disease that affects the joints. This results in painful joints, swelling and stiffness in the joints
    - - Swollen joints
      - Accumulation of fluid in the ankles
      - Morning stiffness
      - Joint pain
      - Fatigue
      - Joint redness
      - Increased eye sensitivity and dryness
      - Mouth dryness
      - Nodules on the skin
      - Inflammation of the lungs
    - - medication
        
        DMARDs
        
        NSAIDs
        
        corticosteroids
        
        biologics
      - procedures
        
        synovectomy
        
        tendon repair surgery
        
        joint replacement surgery
      - therapy
        
        physical therapy
      - nutrition
        
        fish oil and plant oils
        
        leafy vegetables, aloe vera, ginger and tumeric
- - - - Ulcers which occur on the skin surface due to prolonged pressure. Lying in bed with out movement (bedridden), sitting on a wheelchair or a cast used for prolonged period may cause sores
    - - Reddish skin
      - Dark scab
      - Chronic wound or swelling
      - Tender skin
      - pus-filled blisters
    - - medications
        
        antibiotics
        
        NSAIDs
      - procedures
        
        debridement
        
        skin graft
      - self-care
        
        Regular, periodical skin inspection, especially over the bony prominences
        
        Relieve pressure on skin to improve blood flow and allow for fast healing
        
        Use of air or fluid-filled floatation mattresses lessens risk of ulcer formation
        
        Care of perineum and genitalia, especially in patients with incontinence
        
        Use a moisturizer to hydrate and protect the skin from damage
        
        Barrier cream is used to soothe and protect irritated skin
        
        A diet high in protein like meat, fish, chicken, dairy, soy and other protein sources should be consumed
      - nutrition
        
        Foods rich in protein such as egg, beans and soy
        
        Foods rich in zinc such as spinach, chicken, pork and mushroom
        
        Foods rich in iron such as lentils, beans and green leafy vegetables
        
        Foods rich in vitamin C such as citrus fruits, papaya and kiwi
        
        Foods rich in vitamin B such as cheese, meat and fish
- - - - thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of certain crucial hormones
    - - Fatigue
      - •Weakness
      - •Lethargy
      - •Anorexia
      - •Weight gain or a Puffy Face
      - •Impaired hearing
      - •Periorbital or peripheral edema
      - •Myalgia, paresthesia, ataxia
      - •Dry skin and dry hair
      - •Husky voice, slow speech
    - - hormone therapy: synthetic thyroid hormone
      - self care: take meds, visit doctor regularly, quit smoking and drinking alcohol
      - eat foods rich in antioxidants, selenium, and tyrosine
- - - - pathophysiology
        
        the lenses in your eyes become less flexible, less transparent and thicker. Age-related and other medical conditions cause proteins and fibers within the lenses to break down and clump together, clouding the lenses
      - S/S
        
        Clouded, blurred or dim vision
        
        Increasing difficulty with vision at night
        
        Sensitivity to light and glare
        
        Need for brighter light for reading and other activities
        
        Seeing "halos" around lights
        
        Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescription
        
        Fading or yellowing of colors
        
        Double vision in a single eye
      - Tx
        
        prescription glasses
        
        surgery
        
        removing the clouded lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens
  - - - distortion of high-pitched sounds
      - cerumen increases: affecting hearing
      - alteration in equilibrium
- - - - the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex
    - - Trouble getting an erection
      - Trouble keeping an erection
      - Reduced sexual desire
    - - Medication
        
        oral medications to enhance effects of nitric oxide involved in relaxing the penile muscles
        
        penile self-injections
      - Procedures
        
        penile implant surgery
      - Therapy
        
        hormone therapy
        
        vacuum erection
        
        psychotherapy
      - self-care
        
        quit smoking, lose weight, talk to partner, learn to manage stress
      - nutrition
        
        Watermelon
        
        Cooked oysters
        
        Coffee
        
        Dark chocolates
        
        Walnut
        
        Grape or pomegranate juice
        
        Fish like salmon
        
        Green leafy vegetables such as kale
        
        Olive oil