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Older Adult - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Reduced tactile sensation
      - Reduced ability to sense pressure, discomfort, change in temp
    - - Presbyopia
      - Narrowing of visual field
      - Reduction of pupil size
      - Distortion of depth perception
      - Decline in visual acuity
    - - Presbycusis
      - Alteration in equilibrium
      - Distortion of high-pitched sounds
      - Cerumen increases
    - - Atrophy of the tongue
      - Sense of smell altered
      - Taste acuity is dependent on smell
      - Decreased saliva, poor oral hygiene, and medications
  - - - Neural changes in the brain
      - Changes in neurotransmitter systems
      - Neural plaques containing beta-amyloid protein
      - Neurofibrillary tangles in the cortex
      - Loss of degeneration of neurons and synapses
    - - Inability to recognize common items/people
      - Inability to create new memories
      - Disorientation
      - Mental decline
      - Confusion in evening hours
      - Difficulty thinking and understanding
      - Delusion
      - Inability to do simple math
    - - No current treatment to prevent or cure Alzheimer's
      - Clinical trials in place to improve function and slow disease progression
      - Medications that slow acetylcholinesterase
- - - - Characterized by systolic > 200 mmHg and diastolic > 150 mmHg or > 130 mmHg with pre-existing complications
      - Very sudden rise in blood pressure
      - Quickly leads to the development of renal failure, left ventricular failure, and stroke if not treated promptly
    - - Dyspnea
      - Morning Headaches
      - Blurred vision
      - Symptoms of uremia
    - - Immediate treatment: medication Dantrolene which stops the release of calcium into the muscle and will help decrease the body's blood pressure
- - - - Disorder of the glomeruli
      - Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys
      - Acute or chronic
        
        Acute is a result of inflammation of the glomerulus that results in nephritic syndrome; causes onset of RBC casts and blood cells, proteinuria, and WBC in urine
        
        Reduction in nephron mass & leads to hypertrophy and hyperfiltration of remaining nephrons to the initiation of intraglomerular hypertension
      - Typically caused by the immune system
    - - Early S&S of chronic glomerulonephritis
        
        Blood or protein in urine (Hematuria & Proteinuria)
        
        High blood pressure
        
        Swelling of ankles or face (edema)
      - S&S of kidney failure
        
        Lack of appetite
        
        Tiredness
        
        Nausea & vomiting
        
        Difficulty sleeping
        
        Dry and itchy skin
        
        Nighttime muscle cramp
      - Late stage disease S&S
        
        Cerebral edema
        
        Confusion
        
        Convulsions
        
        Treatment: Low sodium & low protein diets
    - - Change of diet: Less protein, salt, and potassium
      - Corticosteroids (Prednisone)
      - Dialysis
        
        Helps clean the blood, remove extra fluid, and control blood pressure
      - Diuretics to reduce swelling
      - Methylprednisolone
- - - - The epidermis is infiltrated by a large number of activated T cells
    - - Red patches of skin covered with thick, silvery scales
      - Small scaling spots
      - Dry, cracked skin that may bleed or itch
      - Itching, burning, soreness
      - Thickened, pitted, or ridged nails
      - Swollen and stiff joints
    - - Topical medication
        
        Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream
      - Systemic medication
        
        Methotrexate, Cyclosporine
      - Phototherapy
      - Stress reduction
      - Climatotherapy
      - Adjuncts: Sunshine, Moisturizers, Salicylic acid, & other keratolytics
- - - - Most prevalent metabolic disease of the bone
      - Caused by osteoclastic bone resorption
      - Causes bone to become weak and fragile
      - Results in increased risk of fractures
    - - Stooped posture
      - Loss of height over time
      - Back pain
      - Easily broken bones
      - Women over 65 at risk
      - Women with estrogen deficiency at risk
      - Inactive lifestyle increases risk
      - People with calcium deficiencies at risk
    - - Bisphosphonates
        
        Alendronate
        
        Risedronate
- - - - Scarred muscle layer can regenerate but contributes to repeated episodes of ulceration
      - Ulcers occur primarily in the gastroduodenal mucosa
      - Ulcer may penetrate the mucosal surface or extend into the muscle layers
      - Erosions result from corrosive action of HCL on the epithelium
      - H. Pylori releases a toxin that promotes mucosal inflammation and ulceration
    - - Upper epigastrium and left
      - Indigestion
      - Distention
      - Vomiting
      - Evidence of bleeding
      - Right mid-epigastrium
    - - Diet
        
        Avoid bedtime snacks
        
        Bland diet
        
        Consume 6 small meals or hourly meals with sufficient intake of fluids
        
        Avoid irritants
      - Surgery
        
        Vagotomy: removal of part of the vagus nerve
        
        Pyloroplasty: Widening of the pylorus of the stomach
        
        Digital gastrectomy
- - - - Cells in the muscle, fat, and liver become resistant to insulin which leads to a deficiency in sugar and the pancreas is unable to produce a sufficient amount of insulin to manage blood sugar levels
      - Fasting blood sugar levels of 126 mg/dL or higher is diagnosed as diabetes
      - Blood glucose concentrations 2 hours after oral glucose intake > 200 mg/dL
      - Symptoms and a random blood glucose concentration >200 mg/dL
      - Signs & Symptoms
        
        Increased thirst
        
        Frequent urination
        
        Tingling & Numbness
        
        Patches of dark skin
        
        Feeling tired
        
        Always feeling hungry
      - Treatment
        
        Drug therapy
        
        Metformin (Oral antidiabetic agent)
        
        Sulfonylureas
        
        Glibenclamide
        
        Glipizide & Gliclazide
- - - - Inflammation of lower respiratory tract
      - Caused by aspiration, inhalation, or hematogenous spread
      - Classified by the causative agent
      - Community-acquired or medical-care associated
    - - Tachypnea
      - Rapid, bounding pulse
      - Abrupt fever wit shaking or chills
      - Productive cough
      - Bronchial breath sounds, crackles, tactile fremitus
    - - Anti-infective medications
      - Provide fluids up to 3L per day unless contraindicated
      - Chest physiotherapy
      - Use humidity to loosen secretions
      - Assess sputum for color and consistency
      - Encourage deep breathing every 2 hours
- - - - Vulva atrophies
      - Flattening of labia
      - Loss of subcutaneous fat and haur
  - - - Malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breasts
      - Several factors that can raise risk
      - Damage to the DNA
      - Genetic mutations
      - Cells dividing uncontrollably and spread into the breast tissue
    - - New lump in the breast or armpit
      - Thickening or swelling of part of breast
      - Irritation or dimpling of breast skin
      - Redness or flaky skin in nipple area
      - General pain in breast area
      - Nipple discharge other than breast milk
    - - Surgery
        
        Breast-conserving surgery
        
        Lumpectomy
        
        Mastectomy
      - Chemotherapy
      - Hormonal therapy
      - Biological therapy
      - Radiation therapy