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Unit 1: Ecology, Related bc evolutionary processes drive ecology!…
Unit 1: Ecology
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3 legs of ecology
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Observations
Measurements, data w/o manipulating system. Describes patterns
Emergent properties
When units of biological material are put together, the properties of the new material are not always additive, or equal to the sum of the properties of the components. Instead, at each level, new properties and rules emerge that cannot be predicted by observations and full knowledge of the lower levels. Such properties are called emergent properties (Novikoff, 1945).
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Individual Physiological ecology- form and unit allows survival, reproduction. Individual = unit of natural selection
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Systems = parts/elements and connections between parts/relation. Specific order will define these relations, but without there is a lack of order/recognition
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Population Population ecology - a number of organisms of the same kind living together, can be defined by geographic range, density, social interactions. Dynamic, maintained by births and deaths, respond to time and individual change
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Communities Community ecology. Groups of interacting populations within ecosystems. Interactions include competitors, predators & prey, mutually beneficial relationships etc
Ecosystems ecosystem eecology considers groups of organisms w/ physical + chemical environments. Complex, many different organisms and habitats. Distinct bc little energy, few nutrients are exchanged between them.
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Related bc evolutionary processes drive ecology! Evolution is setting the stage for ecology to take place. Evolution is functional change in the distribution and abundance of genotypes. Therefore, ecological processes drive evolution
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Differential evolution
Before flies:
Calling males generally had higher mating success compared to silent males with low reproductive success
After flies
Calling males had more . Silent crickets had greater reproductive success. Now, cricket populations are mostly composed of silent crickets. This is called adaptation.
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Shelford's law of tolerance: distribution of species controlled by environmental factor for which organism has the narrowest tolerance.
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Note: These 4 levels are defined by emergent properties, not spatial size
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population: a group of interbreeding individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area at a particular time
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Mark recapture methods assumptions: a) Random capture of marked and unmarked individuals. Equal mortality of marked and unmarked individuals. Marks are not lost.
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