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obedience - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The study was highly reliable. Use of standardised procedures so all participants are exposed to similar conditions. It was replicated over and over again with more than 1000 participants
    - - Participants were said to be showing demand characteristics. Orne and Holland (1968) argued that ppts knew the shocks weren't real and were just pleasing experimenters.
      - There are a number of ethical issues raised by the study. Deception, fully informed consent, right to withdraw, psychological harm. Deceived about shocks being real, the learner being a confederate and the aim, pushed to continue shocking, were very distressed about giving shocks
      - The study lacked population validity - gender and cultural bias (external validity). Used only males (androcentric). Used only American ppts (ethnocentric). Sheridan and King (1972) used females too and found 100% shocked to 450 volts. Meeus and Raaijimakers found 90% obedience rate in Spain
      - The study lacked ecological validity. It was unrepresentaive of real life. Hofling (1966) studied nurses in hospitals, found that 21/22 obeyed doctors orders without question. Bickman (1974) found passers by in New York more likely to obey someone in uniform
  - - - When the teacher and learner were in the same room, obedience levels were at 40%
      - When the teacher had to force the learners hand onto the electroshock plate when incorrect answers were given, obedience levels were at 30%
      - If the experimenter gave instructions by telephone from another room, obedience levels were at 20.5%
    - - When being carried out in a run down building rather than the university, obedience levels were at 47.5%
    - - When the experimenter was called away and replaced by a member of the public, obedience levels were at 20%
      - Bickman (1974) found that passers by in New York were much more likely to obey an order to pick up rubbish if the experimenter was in uniform rather than everyday clothes
- - - - People with authoritarian leanings ( those with high F scale scores and other measures) identified with 'strong' people and were generally contemptuous of the 'weak'
      - They were very conscious of their own and other people's 'status', showing excessive respect, deference and servility to those of higher status
      - Adorno also found that authoritarian people had a cognitive style where there was no grey area in their beliefs, with fixed stereotypes about other groups. There was a strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and prejudice