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Metabolic disorders, Osteoporosis - Coggle Diagram
Metabolic disorders
Causes
Genetics. Small-framed, nonobese Caucasian women are at greatest risk; Asian women of slight build are at risk for low peak bone mineral density; African American women are less susceptible to osteoporosis.
Age. Osteoporosis occurs in men at a lower rate and at an older age, as it is believed that testosterone and estrogen are important in achieving and maintaining bone mass, so risk for osteoporosis increases with increasing age.
Nutrition. A low calcium intake, low vitamin D intake, high phosphate intake, and inadequate calories reduce nutrients needed for bone remodeling.
Physical exercise. A sedentary lifestyle, lack of weight-bearing exercise, and low weight and body mass index increases the risk for osteoporosis because bones need stress for bone maintenance.
Lifestyle choices. Too much consumption of caffeine and alcohol, smoking, and lack of exposure to sunlight reduces osteogenesis in bone remodeling.
Medications. Intake of corticosteroids, anti seizure medications, heparin, and thyroid hormone affects calcium absorption and metabolism.
Clinical manifestation
Fractures. Fractures, which are most typically compression fractures, may be the initial clinical symptom of osteoporosis.
Kyphosis. Progressive kyphosis, sometimes known as "dowager's hump," is an asymptomatic collapse of a vertebra that is related with height reduction.
Calcitonin levels have dropped. Calcitonin levels are low, which slows bone resorption and stimulates bone growth.
Estrogen levels have dropped. Estrogen, a hormone that prevents bone disintegration, declines with age.
Parathyroid hormone levels have risen. As people get older, their levels of parathyroid hormone rise, causing bone turnover and resorption.
Pathophysiology
Total bone mass is reduced. Normal homeostatic bone turnover is disrupted; the rate of bone resorption maintained by osteoclasts exceeds the rate of bone creation maintained by osteoblasts, leading in a decrease in total bone mass.
Progression. The bones become porous, brittle, and weak, and they easily fracture under stress that would break normal bone.
Changes in posture. The abdominal muscles relax and the abdomen protrudes as a result of the postural adjustments.
Losses caused by old age. Calcitonin and estrogen levels drop as people get older, while parathyroid hormone levels rise, causing increased bone turnover and resorption.
Consequence. As a result of these alterations, there is a net decrease of bone mass.
Constipation can be avoided or minimized by starting a high-fiber diet early on, increasing fluid intake, and using prescribed stool softeners.
To boost vitamin D production, the nurse recommends walking, proper body mechanics, and good posture, as well as daily weight-bearing activity outside.
Recommend that the patient sleep in a supine or side-lying position multiple times a day; and the nurse should encourage proper posture and educate body mechanics.
Patient education emphasizes on variables that influence the progression of osteoporosis, as well as actions to stop or delay the disease's progression and measures to alleviate symptoms
Osteoporosis
Define
When the formation of new bone does not keep up with the loss of old bone, a condition known as rickets develops.
It causes bones to become weak and brittle, to the point that even minor stressors like leaning over or coughing can result in a fracture.