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RESPIRATORY DISORDER - Coggle Diagram
RESPIRATORY DISORDER
TUBERCOLOSIS
Signs and symptoms
Pleuritic pain and a producyive cough
Shortness of breath
High fever and chills
Fatigue and malaise
Unexplained weightloss and night sweats
Anorexia and dry cough
Risk factors
Individuals co infected with HIV
Aginh with compromised immune system
Adults with chronic diseases like Diabetes
Pregnancy, stress and poor nutrition
Pathophysiology
Spread from person to person via airborne droplets produced by talking, coughing and sneezing
A local inflammatory reaction occurs and a focus if infection occurs is established.
A process of evaporation leaves droplets nuclei 1 to 5 micrometer, suspended to air for hours. When these droplets are inhaled they dislodge in the bronchiole and alveolus.
Nursing management
Nursing interventions
Place a patient in a semi fowlers position to maximise lung expansion and decrease respiratory rate
Assess the ABG levels to minitor ventilation status and oxygenation
Clear secretions from mouth and trachea to prevent obstruction and inspiration
Encourage the patient to mobilise secretions with coughing and suction for blockage
Expected outcome
Maintains the patient's normal and effective breathing patterns by checking the respirations and rhe absence of dyspnea
ABG levels should return to normal
Patent airway
Nursing diagnoses
Shortness of breath causing innefective breathing pattern related to decreased lung capacity as evidenced by dyspnea
Innefective airway clearance related to increased secretions and decreased lung capacity as my be evidenced by abnormal respiratory rate and dyspnea
Defination
Airborne droplet infectious disease caused by mycobacterium TB it affect the lungs but can also affect the other parts of the TB.
ASTHMA
Pathophysiology
Bronchoconstriction occurs after inflammation which the result to limited airflow
As the inflammation process start, the mast cells are activated and releases multiple inflammatory mediators
Exposure to allergens initiates the inflammatory response
Inflammatory mediators have effect on blood vessels causing vasodilation and increasing capillary permeability.
The resulting inflammatory process causes vascular congestion, edema, production of thick and tenacious mucus, bronchial muscle spasm and the thickening of the airway walls.
Clinical manifestations
Wheezing and breathlessness
Pain
Cough and chest tightness
Low peak airflow
Low spirometry
Weakenss and fatigue
Defination
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway. The person's airway becaome inflammed, narrows, swells and produce extra mucus which causes inefective breathing.
Nursing management
Nursing intervention
Monitor and assess the patients vital signs to check if the patient is in respiratory distress or not
Assess the sounds of breathing to check respiratory failure
Expected outcome
Absence of breathlessness
Normal respiratory rate
Relaxed breathing
Nursing diagnosis
Ineffective airway clearance due to mucous production and constricted and swollen bronchioles as may be evidenced by fatigue and weakness
Treatment
Avoid triggers
Dust, chemicals, pollen, tobbacco, allergens and diet
Medication
Anti inflammatory drigs
Beta 2 agonist
Inhaled and oral corticosteriods
Immunomodulators
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
symptoms
Dyspnea
Chronic cough
Chest tightness
Orthopnea and nocturnal sleep apneoa
Wheezing
Ankle oedema
Nursing management
Nursing interventions
Assess and monitor level of consciousness, check for presence of wheezes
Monitor vital signs especially temparature, it is associated with fever which will indicate infection.
Assesss and monitor vital signs, ABGs and pulse oximetry to assess the progress of the condition
Expected outcome
Changing of lifestyle if the patient was a smoker
Improved respiratory rate and present of signs of improved ventilation.
Clear breath sounds
Nursing diagnoses
Ineffective airway clearance related to thick secreations and bronchospasms as evidenced by wheezes and the use of accessory muscle
Impaired gas exchange related to disturbed oxygen supply and alveoli destruction as evidenced by dyspnea.
Risk of infection due to less defense mechanism caused by lack of clearing of secretions
Evaluation
Airway patency and effective cough amd the ability to expectorate mucous
Adequate tissue perfusion
Defination
Associated with chronic inflammatory response of rhe airways.
Signs
Barrel chest
Sputum
Ise of accessory muscle
Lung abscess
Nursing management
Nursing interventions
Monitor vital signs more especially the temperature. Take note of the shivering if present
Monitor respiratory rate and heart rate .
Increase fluid intake to help wash away the secreations
Note the patient's comfortable position to help ease the pain and cough
Expected outcome
Normal temparature and the respiratory rate must be within the normal ranges
Improved airway clearance
Obtain the ability to cough effectively
Patent airway with ckear breath sounds
Nursing diagnosis
Fever ralated to inflammatory response from toxins circulating on the hypothalamus as evidenced with the above normal temparature
Ineffective airway clearance related to accumulationof secretions and ineffective cough as evidenced by increased respiratory rate
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms start from mild productive cough to acute illness
Foul smelling sputum often bloody
Weakness, anorexia and weightloss
Chest dullness on percussion and decreased breath sounds
Chest pains
Defination
Is the necrosis of the pulmonary parenchyma caused by the microbial infection, the lesion collapses and form a cavity
REFERENCES
Lewis, S.L., Dirksen, S.R., Heitkemper, M.M., Bucher, L., 2011. Medical-Surgical Nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems. 9nth Ed. Canada.Elsevier Mosby.