OSTEOARTHRITIS 
Definition
Clinical manifestations
Causes
Pharmacological management
References
Pathophysiology
Care plan
Type of degenerative condition that occurs when flexible tissue at ends of bones wears down
Grating sensation during usage of joint
Loss of flexibility, unable to move joint through its full range
Tenderness of the joint when you apply little pressure to it
Bone spurs, extra bits of bone that feel like lumps can form on affected joint
Pain in the joint affected during or after movement
Stiffness, joint stiffness
Repeated stress on joint
Genetics
Obesity
Bone deformities
Joint injuries
Certain metabolic disorders
Sex; women are more prone
Older age, risk increases with age
Exposure of underlying mitochondrial bone leads to sclerosis, followed by reactive modelling changes that lead to formation of osteophytes and subchondrial bone cysts
Joint space is then lost progressively over time
Release of enzymes from these cells break down collagen and proteoglycans, destroying the articular cartilage
Involves degradation of cartilage and re-modelling of bone due to an active response of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage and the inflammatory cells in the surrounding tissues
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs treat osteoarthritis pain
Duloxetine to treat chronic pain
Acetominophen to treat mild to moderate pain
Physical therapy provided by a physical therapist
Occupational therapy provided by occupational therapist
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; uses low voltage electrical current to relieve pain
Determine patient's emotional reaction to chronic pain and help provide coping measures
Provide emotional support
Provide pain relieve measures such as analgesics as prescribed by doctor and changing of positions while in bed
Help come up with coping strategies
Assess for level of pain on scale of 1-10, pain may be provoked by activity
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