Parkinson's disease 
Causes
Care plan
References
Pathopysiology
Pharmacological management
Clinical manifestations
Definition
Degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement and mostly causes tremors
Speech changes
Altered speech
Impaired posture and balance
Loss of automatic movements
Slowed movement called bradykinesia
Rapid movements
Tremors
The presence of Lewy bodies
Alpha-synuclein found in Lewy bodies
Environmental triggers
Genetic mutations
Alpha-synculein is the main component of Lewy bodies that are found in cells of people with Parkinson's disease
Those with mutated gene for alpha synclein which is an altered protein forms
So far 9 genetic mutations have identified as increasing risks for Parkinson's disease
It accumulates in the cell and attracts other proteins therefore forming a deposit that leads the damage of the neuron
Mutations in genes for parkin, PINK1, LRRK2, DJ-1, and glucocerebrosidase among others.
Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors
Catechol O transferase inhibitors
Dopamine agonists
Antichorlinergics
Administration of levodopa
Auscultate lungs for presence of wheezes and/or decreased breath sounds
Administer oxygen as ordered by the doctor
Assess respiratory status for rate, depth, ease and use of accessory muscles; for baseline data
Assess patient for pallor or cyanosis in beds; this may indicate hypoxemia
Observe patient and assess energy level and endurance and how these affect respiration, energy ability decreases with age
Sveinbjornsdottir S (2016) "The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease" Journal of Neurochemistry 1: 38-24