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CONFUSION DISORDERS - Coggle Diagram
CONFUSION DISORDERS
DELIRIUM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The pathophysiology is not fully understood, but delirium may be due to inflammatory mechanisms and a cholinergic neurotransmitter deficiency in the brain. During acute illness, older patients are at risk of delirium due to a decreased cognitive reserve
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DEFINITION: is a disturbance of consciousness and a change in cognition that develop rapidly over a short period
NURSING INTERVENTION:
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• Maintain a low level of stimuli in client’s environment (low lighting, few people, simple decor, low noise level)
• Remove all potentially dangerous objects from client’s environment; confused state, clients may use objects to harm self or others.
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• Interrupt periods of unreality and reorient; client safety is jeopardized during periods of disorientation
• Use tranquilizing medications and soft restraints, as prescribed by physician
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• Teach prospective caregivers to recognize client behaviors that indicate anxiety and confusion is increasing and ways to intervene before violence occurs.
DEMENTIA
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DEFINITION: Dementia is defined by a loss of previous levels of cognitive, executive, and memory function in a state of full alertness
NURSING INTERVENTION:
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• Teach prospective caregivers how to orient client to time, person, place, and circumstances, as required
• Give positive feedback when thinking and behavior are appropriate, or when client verbalizes that certain ideas expressed are not based in reality and enhances desire to repeat appropriate behavior.
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• Do not shout message into client’s ear. Speaking slowly and in a face-to-face position is most effective when communicating with an elderly individual experiencing a hearing loss.
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