Lung cancer 
Definition
Causes
References
Care plan
Pharmacological management
Pathophysiology
Clinical manifestations
Tumors originating in the lung parenchyma or within bronchi
This then disrupts the cell cycle and promotes carcinogenesis
Most common genetic mutations for lung cancer mutations are MYC, BCL2, and p53 for small cell lung cancer and EGFR, KRAS and p16 for non-small cell lung cancer
If exposure continues it leads to genetic mutations and affects protein synthesis.
It is believed that repeated exposure to carcinogens, cigarettes smoke particularly, leads to dysplasia of lung epithelium
Very complex and incompletely understood
Shortness of breath
Fatigue
Unexplained weight loss
Infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that keep coming back
Hoarseness
New onset of wheezing
Cough that does not go away but gets worse
Chest pain that is often worse with deep breathing, coughing or laughing
Coughing up blood or rust colored sputum
Prolonged exposure to asbestos, diesel exhaust or certain chemicals
Genetic factors
Air pollution
Exposure to radon, second hand smoke
Tobacco smoking causes about 80% of lung cancer cases
High dose radiation treatments
Drugs used with chemotherapy: cisplatin, carboplatin, docetaxel, gemcitabine,
paclitaxel, vinorelbine and pemetrexed
Chemotherapy after surgery known as adjuvant chemotherapy
respiration may be increased due to pain or to accommodate the loss of lung tissue
Maintain patent airway by positioning, suctioning, use of airway adjuncts; airway obstruction impedes ventilation, impairing gas exchange
the nurse should note respiratory rate, depth and ease of aspiration, changes in skin or mucous membrane color, pallor, cyanosis;
Auscultate lungs for air movement and abnormal breath sounds; consolidation of lack of air movement on the operative side are normal in the pneumonectomy patient
Impaired gas exchange due to removal of lung tissue, altered oxygen supply, decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood, dyspnea:
Alberg A, Brock J (2017), " Chapter 84: Cancer of the Lung". Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine (9th edition). Wiley Blackwell