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Autoimmune disorders, Glomerulonephritis - Coggle Diagram
Autoimmune disorders
Pathophysiology
Because endothelial, mesangial, and epithelial cells proliferate, cellular proliferation results in an increase in the number of cells in the glomerular tuft.
The proliferation may be endocapillary (that is, occurring within the constraints of the glomerular capillary tufts) or extracapillary
Extracapillary proliferation is characterized by the production of crescents by the proliferation of parietal epithelial cells, which is a feature of some kinds of rapidly progressing GN.
The presence of neutrophils and monocytes within the glomerular capillary lumen indicates leukocyte growth, which frequently occurs alongside cellular proliferation.
On light microscopy, glomerular basement membrane thickening appears as thickening of capillary walls.
Subendothelial, subepithelial, intramembranous, or mesangial electron-dense deposits correspond to an area of immune complex deposition.
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These structural alterations can be localized, diffused, segmented, or global in nature.
Proteinuria, hematuria, a decrease in GFR (ie, oliguria or anuria), and active urine sediment with RBCs and RBC casts are all functional alterations.
Increased intravascular volume, edema, and, in many cases, systemic hypertension occur from lower GFR and avid distal nephron salt and water retention.
Signs and symptoms.
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Swelling of the face, hands, feet, and belly due to fluid retention (edema).
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Glomerulonephritis
Clinical manifestation
The most common symptom is severely bloody urine, which the caregiver may characterize as smokey or bloody.
Edema of the periorbital region. Hematuria may be accompanied or preceded by periorbital and/or pedal edema.
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Hypertension. Oliguria is common, and the urine contains albumin, red and white blood cells, and casts, as well as having a high specific gravity.
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In a rare cases, cerebral symptoms such as headache, sleepiness, seizures, and vomiting are associated with hypertension.
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Prevent the spread of infection.
The youngster must be kept safe from chills and infection-carrying persons.
Fluid intake and output should be carefully monitored and recorded, with specific emphasis paid to staying below the recommended limits.
Keep an eye on your blood pressure. Using the same arm and a properly fitting cuff, blood pressure should be checked on a regular basis.
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