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Cell Bio & Biochem Pt. 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Structral ( cell membranes, Connective tissue (ie collagen)
      - Functional (enzymes, plasma proteins, Antibodies)
      - Motbilized as a energey source in starvation
    - - Free sugars utilsed as structural molecules and fuel sources
      - Fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose) important for GIT motility
  - - - Help to facilitate fat soluble itamin uptake
      - Triglycerides (stored form of energy) And Phospholipids/Cholesterol (cell membranes)
- - - - Teeth (mastication) and tongue (manipulation) + oseophagus (swallowing)
    - - Sailvary glands
        
        Saliva (lubrication, hydration, amylases, Abs, lysozymes)
        
        Partotid (25%), Subling (5%) and Submand (70%)
      - Stomach
        
        HCl, Pepsinogen, Lipase
      - Gall Bladder
        
        Bile Salts (fat emulsifcation)
      - Pancreas (exocrine)
        
        Amylazes, lipases
      - Liver
        
        HCO3-
    - - GI Tract
        
        monosaccchrides, amino acids, FFA, TAGs
        
        Fluids and electrolytes
      - BMR uses 30% for membrane transports as we need energy to move these molecules against gradients
  - - - AA enter the bloodstream by facilitated transporter
  - - - CHO enters bloodstream through facilitated diffusion
  - - - medium/short chain ffa are absorbed (diffuse) into the poral system
      - long chain ffa and MAGs are packaged as chylomicrons for gut transport
        
        Chylomicrons = allow transport of proteins and fats
  - - - Dietary intake only
      - Uptaked via Intrinsic factor and delivered to the LIver via specific transporter portiens
    - - Active transport from GI tract
      - Blood levels are regulated by -ve feed back loop
        
        low plasma Ca++ stimules = parathyroid hormon
        
        incraeses Ca++ reabsoption from kidneys and bone
        
        incraeses synthesis of vitamin D
        
        increases GI absorption of Ca++ (upregulate of Ca++ transporters and binding proteins)
- - - - Excess of glucose in liver can be stored as glycogen or can be converted into TAG in the liver and packaged in VLDLs
        
        VLDLs are transported to adipose tissue where its broken doen an stored as FFAs in the adipose tissue
      - Excess glucose can be stored in the muscle as glycogen
  - - - Decresease BGL
      - Increases after a meal (scereted from beta-cells)
    - - Increased BGLs (along with epinephrine)
      - reduced in secretion during a meal
  - - - Alcohol dehydrogenase breaksdown alcohol to acteladhyde
      - Coenzyme NAD converts to NADH which accumulates
        
        high NADH prevets acetly CoA in the TCA cycle breaking down FFA
        
        We then have an excess of FFA, and glucose as well being stored/converted to FFAs
        
        ie this leads to the fatty liver changes we can see in liver disease
  - - - largest (MAGs, long chain FA)
        
        transported to adipose to be stored
      - Synthesised in the gut
    - - synthesised in liver
      - takes endogenous triglycerides to the adipose for storage
    - - carries cholesterol
      - synthesised in the liver
    - - (PROTECTIVE) = takes cholesterol back to liver for exertion
- - - - Glycogenolysis
  - - - reduces during the fast
    - - increases during the fast
      - Glucagon acts first on the liver for glycogen breakdown, but gluconeogenesis occurs when the fast persists
      - Epinephrine acts on liver and muscle for glyogen breakdown into glucose
  - - - FFA broken down into their CoA derivates and enter the TCA to produce a total of 108 ATP (ex. palmitic acid)
    - - alanine is converted direcly into pyruvate
      - other A.A are used as intermediates in the TCA cycle
  - - - Glucogenogensis ustilises an intermediate of the TCA cycle which results in the accumulation of acetyl-coA
        
        acetyl-coA is converted into Ketone bodies (liver)
        
        Ketone bodies become an important energy source of muscle and brain
        
        Ketone bodies reduce breakdown of muscle proteins as a carbon soyrce for gluconeogensis
- - - - leads to anaemia
      - imporant for DNA synthesis and RBC formation
    - - required for growth/healing
      - Causes delyaed healing
    - - B12 is required for folate w/ DNA synthesis
      - leads to burning mouth, angular cheilits or atrophic glossits
    - - Important for collagen sysnthesis
      - leads to bleeding gums
    - - Essential in Ca++ regulation/ bone health
      - lead to oesteoporosis
    - - Important for clotting factors II, VII, IX and X
      - risk of bleeding after extraction/sclaing
    - - important for RBC production
      - lead to anemia