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Alterations of Ventilation & Diffusion - Coggle Diagram
Alterations of Ventilation & Diffusion
Pulmonary & Respiratory system
Responsible for exchange of gases.
Lungs, airways, chest wall & pulmonary circulation.
Upper airway: nose, mouth, nsaopharnx, & oropharynx
Lower airway: trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
persistent or intermittent airway obstruction due to bronchoconstriction, inflammation & hyperresponisiveness
Treatments can include: bronchodilators, lung functioning monitoring, proper treatment plans & patient education on the disease.
Exposure to allergens such as mold, dust and smoke
Ventilation
Process where we inspire oxygen & exhale carbon dioxide.
Chemoreceptors detect gas exchange needs based on Pa02, Co2, and pH levels.
Diffusion
Oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged at the alveolar capillary junction.
Cystic Fibrosis
Autosomal recessive disorder of electrolytes and water transport affecting certain epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract, digestive and reproductive tract.
Commonly affects Caucasians
Caused by a mutation of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene that is located on Chromosome 7 .
Treatments : effectively clearing of secretions, controlling Respiratory infections, reducing inflammation, bronchodilators, proper nutrition, and the management of other complications such as diabetes, hypertension, fatty liver,
ARDS
Severe acute inflammation & pulmonary edema that occurs without the evidence of fluid overload or impaired cardiac function.
Damage to the epithelium and vascular endothelium triggers the onset of inflammation.
Can result from: excessive smoke, toxic chemicals, lung infections, trauma, anaphylaxis, lack of proper blood flow, impairment of the alveoli.
Clinical signs can include: tachypnea, dyspnea, retractions, crackles in the lungs.
Diagnosis can include: chest CT/xrays, Arterial blood gas analysis,
Treatment of ARDS: controlling the inflammatory response that is occurring, oxygen administration, ventilator management with PEEP,
Emphysema
Irreversible enlargement of the alveoli of the lungs. This results in the obstruction of airflow.
Most commonly caused from smoking, genetically inherited & environmental exposures.
Air trapping-decrease in oxygen intake and effective co2 release.
Treatment: This disease is irreversible so treatment would consist of managing and increasing the lung function which can consist of smoking cessation, Bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory medications, mucolytic agents, oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehab may also be beneficial.
Chronic Bronchitis
Persistent productive cough with excessive mucus production lasting for 3 months or longer for two or more years.
commonly caused by smoking, or other pollutants that caused irritation to the airways.
Chronic inflammation and edema of the airways, destruction of the cilia, squamous cell metaplasia
Treatment: managing the symptoms, improving lung functions, slowing the progression, pulmonary rehab, smoking cessation, antibiotic therapy & mucolytic agents
Pneumonia
- inflammation within the lungs that can involve the bronchioles, lung tissues & alveoli.
Can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi
Spread by respiratory droplet
Atypical forms: Mycoplasma pneumonia, Legionella & Chlamydia species.
Treatments: Restore optimal ventilation and diffusion. Antibiotics will depend on the type of pneumonia & severity of the disease. Azithromycin & macrolides are commonly used as treatments.
In severe cases oxygen, fluids, deep breathing techniques, other support measures & intravenous antibiotics
COPD:
Describes all chronic obstructive lung problems. The disease is progressive & irreversible.
caused by smoking, but can also be caused by other environmental factors
Treatment: Improving the lung function, bronchodilators
Hypoxemia
decreased oxygen in the arterial blood that leads to decreased in partial pressure of oxygen.
Caused by: oxygen deprivation, hypoventilation, inadequate diffusion or inadequate uptake of oxygen into the blood
Hypoxia: when the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen, which effects are wide spread.
Hypercapnia
increased carbon dioxide in the blood. Presents in cases of severe alveolar hypocapnia
Promotes air trapping, causing air trapping, heart issues and can result in death.
Ventilator management, Arterial blood gas analysis.