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The Protestant Reformation - Group B5 - Coggle Diagram
The Protestant Reformation - Group B5
Context
Abuses
Simony
Absenteism
Neptism
pluralism
Peo Leo X
Weakened Church
Black Plague
"The quality of the church seriously declined in the latter fourteenth century" (Claveau)
Corruption
"This corruption was not universal, but its toleration was". (Claveau)
Schism
"the prime condition for Christian unity had disappeared" (Claveau)
Great Schism of the West
Church was open to abuse
Three claimants for the Papacy at one point
Selling of Indulgences
Johann Tetzel “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”
Black Plague
quality of church leaders reduced “self seeking and spiritually unqualified” (Claveau)
Challenges
Supporters of Protestantism
Prince Fredrick of Saxony (Political Support)
"He thus protected Martin Luther from his enemies"
Because Charles V was too powerful
Humanists - wanted to break away from church
Germans
lost 80% of Germany
Whether this bull is by Eck or by the pope, it is sum of all impiety, blasphemy, ignorance, impudence, hypocrisy, lying - in a word, i tis Satan and his antichrist.
Heresies
Sola Fide
only faith in Jesus Christ justifies salvation
Sola Gratia
only the grace of God grants salvation
Sola Scriptura
scripture alone is the true source of faith
Martin Luther
Heresies
Sola Fide
only faith in Jesus Christ justifies salvation
Sola Gratia
only the grace of God grants salvation
sola scriptura
scripture alone is the true source of faith
95 theses on October 31st 1517
Had a go at the church for there actions
The Debate with Eck
Johann Eck was a theologian, master rhetorician (persuader/debater) who met Luther in a debate in Leipzig, June 27, 1519.
Against the Social Structure
Calls Pope Leo X the Antichrist
(1483 - 1546)
Church Responses
Long Term
Jesuits / Society of Jesus (Formed by Ignatius Loyola)
“Jesuit schools offered a free education to the poor” (Marshall)
Council Of Trent
Doctrine
Justified the teachings of the church which were under attack by Luther
"If anyone says the free will of man... does not cooperate" in receiving grace "let them be anathema" (Council of Trent)
Justification
Sacraments
"If anyone says... that there are more or less than seven (Council of Trent)
Scripture and Tradition
"Preserved by unbroken succession" (Council of Trent)
Discipline
Seminaries
Fixing corruption in church leaders, “to train them in church discipline, in a college which the bishop shall choose” (Council of Trent)
Sales of Indulgences
Whilst the authority of the pop to issue indulgences was affirmed, the sale of indulgences was prohibited. The Church decreed "that all evil gains from the obtaining [of indulgences]... be entirely abolished" (Council of Trent)
Devotion
Regulate Catholic life
“The Mass shall not be celebrated everywhere in the Vulgar Tongue.” (Council of Trent), only to be spoken in Latin
1545-1563
Modern Responses
Vatican II
Protestants were invited to Vatican II (1962-1965) to participate an share their Christian perspectives for the benefit of Ecumenism
it describes protestants as "separated brethren", a significant change of language from the old use of "heretics"
it states specifically that "the restoration of unity among all Christians is one of the principal concerns of the Second Vatican Council." (Unitatis Redintegratio)
Pope Francis meets with
June 2018, travels to Geneva to meet the World Council of Churches seeking greater unity, the first pope to ever visit
December 2017, the Lutheran World Federation to promote greater friendship and Ecumenism between the two groups
INTENED OUTCOME - Greater unity amongst dived churches, heal old wounds
Short Term
Cajetan's Letter
Cardinal Thomas Cajetan wrote a letter calling Luther to Rome to explain himself and “was a strong reprimand of Luther” (Armenio).
Meeting with Cajetan in Augsburg
Cardinal Cajetan and Martin Luther eventually met in Augsburg, October 1518, arranged by Duke Frederick of Saxony
Pope Leo X ignored the problem
"Minor Incident"
Luther debate with Johann Eck
Eck pushed Luther in this debate and “required Luther to expound on his positions more extensively and concretely than ever before” (Armenio)
Pope Leo X writes Papal Bull (threaten to excommunicate)
Emperor Charles V gave Luther last chance to return to Orthodoxy.
Diet of Worms
"I do not
accept the authority of the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other”
Stances
Long term
Pope Francis
Rebuilt relations with other religions (World Church Council WCC).
"renew the church, not divide her" (Pope Francis, 2018)
zac is stupid
Paul III
Not necessarily an issue of doctrine but as a result of failures of leadership. (Paul III)
Church was in need of serious reform since it was clear that "reconciliation with the protestants was impossible" (John O'Malley).
Recognized the church was to blame; "guilt of us all" (Paul III).
Early stances
Initial stance was to ignore Luther
seen as a nobody
Dismissed Luther's challenge deeming them as irrelevant "quarrel among friars (Marshall).
Later, Pope Leo X judged Luther to be a heretic as he contradicted his authority as Pope.
Cajetan and Eck were concerned with whether Leo X could rather than should (his authority to do so).
Effects
Towards Challenge
Pushed Luther away from church
“It is satan and his antichrist” (Luther)
“I do not accept the authority of the popes or the councils” (Luther)
Towards Tradition
“Germany was a disaster zone, perhaps 80% protestant” (Marshall)
Towards Society
German Peasants War (1524 - 25