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AG + SD EN COUNTRYSED - Coggle Diagram

- - - - soviet regime had extended its political control over the countryside, mainly through party management of the collectives. Never again would the peasants be able to resist the regime
      - reinforced Stalins control within the ussr and over the communist party, those on the right who opposed collectivisation lost power such as bukharin and rykov and the USSR moved further along Stalins version of socialism
      - class differences in the countryside were abolished and apart from the existence of small plots, any remains of capitalism, based on private enterprise had been destroyed
- - - - peasants driven into collectives by local party members with support from the OGPU and Red Army where necessary
    - - -4% peasant households Kulaks
        the OGPU and red army used to identify execute or deport kulaks, not always easy to distinguish them from other peasants so around 15% of peasant households were destroyed and 150,000 peasants were forced to migrate north and east to poorer land
    - - kill their livestock and destroy crops to seem worse off, didn't help rural problem
    - - wanted 25% of grain farming areas to be collectivised- used brutal punishments to kulaks to frighten poorer peasants into joining
    - - 58% through a mixture of propaganda and force. However the speed of which this was carried out even led Stalin to say that party members had become 'dizzy with success'
        
        -Brief return to voluntary collectivisation until harvest had been collected, peasants could leave collective and were given back livestock
        -led to reduce in collectives numbers, by Oct 1930 only 20% households were still collectivised
  - - - -Move back to forced collectivisation
        
        -By 1941, 100% households collectivised
  - - - -COLLECTIVE FARM, combined small individual farms together in cooperative structure
    - - 75 families + their livestock
    - - -Deliver set quota grain to state, quotas up to 40%
        -Farm not paid if quotas not met
        -Shared profit amongst families after procurement
        
        from 1932 kolkhozes were able to sell any left over produce in a collective farm market
        
        -Under control of Communist party member, acted as chairman, ensure communist control in rural areas
        -forbade peasants leaving, with internal passport system
- - - - -STATE FARM
        -Larger, created on confiscated land of former estates
        -workers recruited from landless rurual residents
        -farms organised according to industrial principles for specialised large production
    - - -Suited to Ukraine and South Russia
        -High peasant opposition forced Stalin to permit most people to Kolkhozes
        -expectation in long run- all sovkhoz farms would become kolkhoz
  - - - 1931
    - - provide and to hire out tractors and machinery to collective and state farms
        -State farms received more and better machinery and chemical fertiliser
    - - 2500 were established in 1931 but by 1940 there was still only 1 MTS for every 40 collective farms
    - - -motor tractor stations
        
        agronomists, veterinary surgeons, surveyors and technicians were sent to the countryside to advise on how to use the machinery
    - - To an extent, for example by 1938, 95% of threshing , 72% of ploughing, 57% of sowing and 48% of harvesting was carried out mechanically, HOWEVER still a lot of farming operations with less machinery
        -technology still labour intensive
        -limited number of lorries,1938 there were 196,000 lorries being used in agriculture compared with over 1 million in the USA for transport of goods