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Module 2: Organisation of living things - Coggle Diagram
Module 2: Organisation of living things
Nutrient and gas requirements
Exchange of gases - animals
- Involves the movement of gases between the internal and external environments
AMPHIBIANS
Breath through skin
CO2 diffuses from capillaries
Skin must stay moist for gas exchange to work effectively
Skin absorbs oxygen
FISH
Breathe via gills
Gills contain rich supply of blood vessels
MAMMALS
INSECTS
Autotroph structures
Function of autotrophs
Digestive system
Nutrients and gas requirements of autotrophs and hetertrophs
Organisation of Cells
Unicellular, colonial and multicellular
Colonial - Several individual organisms (especially of the same species) living together in close association. (cell culture)
The difference between a multicellular organism and a colonial organism is that the individual organisms that form a colony or biofilm can, if separated, survive on their own, while cells from a multicellular organism cannot.
Levels of organisation in multicellular organisms
there are 5 levels of organisation in multicellular organisms which include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Few examples of multicellular organisms are human beings, plants, animals, birds, and insects
similar cells are grouped into tissues, groups of tissues make up organs, and organs with a similar function are grouped into an organ system.
Advantages and disadvantages of multicellularity
Advantage - Competitive advantages of an increase in size without its limitations.
Disadvantage - More Energy Is Needed For Normal Functioning
Advantage -They can have longer lifespans as they can continue living when individual cells die.
Cellular organization is the components that make up the cell and how they are arranged inside it
Transport
Imaging technologies used to determine plant structure
Open and closed circulatory systems
CLOSED
OPEN
Hemolyph directly bathes the organs and tissues
blood and interstitial fluid cannot he distinguished
Present in molluscs and arthropods
Blood is pumped into the body cavity
dorsal blood vessel present
Absent capillary system
Blood in direct contact with surrounding tissues
Nutrients are exchanged directly between blood and tissues
No transport of gases
Fluid flowing is Hemolymph
Blood vessels and composition of blood
The heart and lymphatic system
Xylem tissues
Xylem tissue transports water and mineral salts from roots to leaves, classified as vascular tissue.
Structure of the xylem:
Long tubes for transport, the water and nutrients flow through the xylem cells is called the xylem sap.
Made up of several cell types.
Tracheids = long cells that help transport xylem sap, provide structural support.
Vessel elements= shorter than teachers, help conduct water. Have perforated plates that connect each vessel element to form one continuous vessel.
Parenchyma = makes up most of the soft parts of plants. Long fibers that help support the plant. Appear star shaped
Substances transported via passive transport = no energy required
Sap flows upwards towards leaves and stems against gravity, hence a capillary action.
Occurs when surface tension makes liquid move upward, negative pressure to create the vacuum .
Primary and secondary xylem. Primary = helps with primary growth of plant ( tips, buds, stems and roots). Secondary = growth that allows plant to get wider over time, it’s secondary growth. Occurs every year after primary growth
Phloem tissues
Phloem tissue transports the products of photosynthesis around the plant, classified as vascular tissue.
Composed of various specialised cells. They are:
Sieve tubes = column of sieve tube cells, perforated. Provide the channels in which food substances travel.
Transfer cells (Phloem parenchyma cells) border parenchyma cells. Near the finest branches and terminations of sieve tubes in leaf vein lets. Also function in the transport of foods.
Phloem fibers = flexible and long cells, make up soft divers of the commerce.
Same primary and secondary growth as with xylem tissues
Hypothesis and theories about plant function
Tracing products of photosynthesis