DRUGS ACTION TO GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Drugs that act on the upper digestive tract :
Oral Preparation DugsAnti- emeticsAntidiarrheal drugsAntacidsUlcer-Healing Drugs
Drugs affecting the GI system are used in the treatment of gastric acidity, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bowel motility disorders and for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.Drugs may sometimes be used to relieve digestive symptoms and treat specific disorders.
Oral Preparation Drugs
- Oral preparations are taken by mouth, swallowed with fluid, and absorbed via the gastrointestinal tract.
*tablets, capsules, caplets, syrups, elixirs and spirits - Preparations used in common minor infections
*gingivitis and stomatitis - Throat preparations and mouth preparations are classified in 3 groups.
*antibiotic groups, antiseptic groups and anaesthesia
Antibiotic groups
- Used for Anti-infective and antiseptics purpose for local oral treatment.
Anaesthesia
Antiseptic groups
- Substances that help to stop the growth of microorganisms on the skin
- Common drugs
- Povidone- iodine gargle – used as a mouthwash
- Betadine sore throat gargle - for protection and symptomatic relief of sore throat and mouth ulcers.
- Agent that produces a local or general loss of sensation, including pain.
- Common drugs
1.Lidocaine - It causes loss of feeling in the skin and surrounding tissues. It is used to prevent and to treat pain from some procedures.
- Benzocaine - used to reduce pain or discomfort caused by minor skin irritations, sore throat, sunburn, vaginal or rectal irritation, ingrown toenails, hemorrhoids, and many other sources of minor pain on a surface of the body.
Anti- emetics
- Prescribed to help with nausea and vomiting that are side effects of other drugs.
Antiemetic’s act as a :-
a) Antagonists to dopamine
b) Antagonist to histamine ( H1 antihistamines )
c) Antagonist to serotonin
d) Antagonist to acetyl-choline
Prescription antiemetic are classified as :
*antihistamine / anticholinergics / dopamine antagonists / benzodiazepines / serotonin antagonist
Antihistamine
- Medications that help with allergies, and also with stomach problems, cold, anxiety
Anticholinergics
Dopamine antagonists
- Indicated for treatment of nausea or psychosis
Serotonin antagonist
- Indicated as antidepressant medications
Antidiarrheal drugs
- Common drugs – neomycin - an antibiotic that fights bacteria in the body
- Drug that relieves symptoms of diarrhoea
- Main types of antidiarrheal drugs
Opioids
- A substance used to treat moderate to severe pain
Adsorbents
- These substances attract and bind to irritants and other substances in the microorganisms
Antacids
- Used to treat symptoms caused by acid in the digestive juices.
- This acid may inflame eroded areas in the layer of mucus that lines the stomach, irritating the stomach walls.
- Antacids are mild alkaline substances that are taken orally.
- They work by neutralizing acidity in the digestive juices, thereby allowing eroded areas in the mucus layer to recover.
- Two types
- systemic effect
- non systemic effect
systemic effect
non systemic effect
- Insoluble and poorly absorbed systemically
- Drug example : magnesium trisilicate and magnesium phosphate
- Systemic antacids are antacids which get systemically absorbed
- Drug example : sodium bicarbonate and calcium bicarbonate
Ulcer-Healing Drugs
- Drugs that neutralize excess acid to relieve indigestion or help peptic ulcers to heal.
- Antiulcer are used to relieve upper abdominal discomfort caused by irritation of the stomach or duodenum.
These drugs include the prescription and over-the-counter medications omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), rabeprazole (Aciphex), esomeprazole (Nexium) and pantoprazole (Protonix).
- Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY II KPC10202
ASSIGNMENT 2
KEERTHI A/P B.JEEVAGAN (012020071048 )