Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

EARLY MANAGEMENT VS CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT, EARLY MANAGEMENT, AUF Honor…

- - - - Robert Owens
        
        Charles Babbage
        
        Henry Towne
        
        Henry Fayol
        
        Father of the school of systematic management.
        
        Major player in the field of management theory.
        
        1 more item...
        
        Proposed the idea that management needed to be a separate field of study
        
        Principles needed to be established to guide managers
        
        Patron saint of Operations Research and Management Science.
        
        Believed in benefits of division of labor and an advocate of profit sharing
        
        Developed a method of observing manufacturing
        
        Theorist in the early 1800s
        
        Human resources were more important than focus on machinery
      - Earliest theorist to contribute to the idea of a system in management.
        
        Book 'Wealth of Nations' (1776),
        
        Division of labor was the best way to increase productivity.
  - - - The embodiment of systematic thinking.
      - The organization is a unit composed of elements, relationship between elements, and relational structure as a generality.
      - High-level combination of organizational elements
        
        Constitutes the philosophy of existence of organizational activities.
      - The relationship between these units and groups shows soft elements in the organizational structure.
      - Three Dimensions
        
        Hierarchy dimension
        
        shows relative ranks of the organizational units by a similar method of organizational chart.
        
        Functional dimension
        
        shows different works performed in organization.
        
        Inclusion dimension
        
        close or far distance of each person in organization to central core of organization.
        
        proper combination of mentioned dimensions shows formal structure as manifested in organizational chart.
        
        there are many organizational forms and they cannot be easily explained by organizational chart
      - The literature review analyzes structural relationships from multiple aspects.
    - - Simple Structure
        
        Set of flexible relations and due to limited separation, it has low complexity.
        
        The members of such organizations can design an organization chart with focusing on leaders
        
        Duties or management order is done by mutual agreement
        
        No need for formality.
        
        Coordination and supervision are direct and informal.
      - Functional Structure
        
        Organization with increased complexity is managed based on simple structure.
        
        functional structure is used as a tool to fulfill the increasing needs of separation.
        
        This is called function as in this structure, the activities are classified based on logical similarity of work functions.
      - Multidivisional Structure
        
        A set of separate functional structures reporting a central center.
        
        Each functional structure is responsible for the management of daily operations.
        
        Central staff is responsible for supervision and management of organization
      - Matrix Structure
        
        Structure is created with the aim of creating a type of structure composed of functional and multidivisional structures.
        
        aim of matrix structure is combining the efficiency of functional structure with flexibility and sensitivity of multidivisional structure
        
        based on product logic, customer or geographical region, and functional logic in multidivisional structure.
      - Hybrid Structure
        
        one part is dedicated to the type of structure and another part to another type of structure.
        
        combination of advantages of two structures by designers or the organization is changing.
        
        by moving from one section of structure to another structure, the relations’ basis is changed and hybrid forms can be unclear.
      - Network Structure
        
        networks are formed when faced with rapid changes of technology, short life cycles of products, and dispersed and specialized markets.
        
        required assets are distributed among some network partners
        
        no unified organization in a network
        
        network is producer or supplier.
      - Bureaucracy
        
        Generally, determining criterion, forming, unifying the work methods as called standardization is key concept or foundation of machine bureaucracy.
        
        Institutions and offices rely on standardization of methods and work methods for coordination and good supervision.
  - - - Less horizontal differentiation
        
        High collaboration and participation (both horizontal and vertical).
        
        High collaboration and participation (both horizontal and vertical).
        
        Flexible task
        
        The works are not formal and the communications are informal.
        
        Decision-making system is not centralized
      - 2. In Mechanistic structure:
        
        The units are differentiated at a horizontal level.
        
        The relations are exact and inflexible.
        
        Communication channel is formula
        
        Decision-making system is centralized.
    - - Different types of practical structures based on five sections of organization:
        
        The operative core is the workers who actually carry out the organization’s
        tasks (goods or services).
        
        The strategic apex is top management and its support staff
        
        The middle line is the managers between operating core and top management of organization
        
        The technostructure is analysts, with the duties of standards in
        organization
        
        The support staff is the people who have support staff duty and help in
        linking with organization activities
    - - Bowlman and Dill believe that structural view is based on 6 hypotheses:
        The organizations exist to achieve the predetermined goals
        
        For each organization, a structural form based on a specific set of
        conditions is designed.
        
        An organization is effective if, the environment confusion and
        individual priorities are restricted by reasoning norms.
        
        Specialization enables a high level of specialization and individual
        performance
        
        Coordination and control are necessary for effectiveness.
        
        Organizational problems arise from unsuitable and inefficient structures and can be solved by restructuring or development of new systems.
        
        1 more item...
      - Beker and Koagan propose a structural model with 4 levels:
        
        Central level including the national and local power as having general planning, determination of resources, and supervision on standards.
        
        The institution is defined in law and association and it includes all schools and Universities.
        
        The main unit corresponding with educational groups and faculty members in educational groups and displays units in schools.
        
        Individual level including teachers, students or employees of support. However, Beker and Koagan consider mostly the teachers as they play the main role in forming curriculum and academic policies.
      - These structural models define operating and prescriptive methods.
        
        1. Prescriptive method - is associated with supervision and maintaining the
        values in the system.
        
        2. Operating method - refers to the applied duties at various
    - - 1. Organizational structure charter
        
        2. Organization guide
        
        3. Organization guidance:
        
        Organizational goals
        
        Policies and procedures
        
        Job definition of main executive managers
        
        Charts
      - 1. Organization chart - is one of the documents regulated after organization formalization. To describe organizational structure, units of an organization are used and it includes organizational unit and role. To show organizational units, a rectangle box is used (sometimes circle, etc.).
        
        2. FHD chart - This model is used to describe a set of duties or functions of an organization. Any organizational unit or organizational position has a series of d units but these duties are not performed practically until a process in organization is associated with these duties.
        
        3. The system architecture chart - This model is used to describe the relations between one subsystem with other information subsystems, information resources in a complete system.
        
        2. Organization guide
      - What is Re-engineering of an organization?
        
        Re-engineering of organizations is a set of tasks performed by an organization to change the process and internal controls to be changed from vertical traditional structures and hierarchy to horizontal structures based on group and surface structure as all processes are used for attracting the satisfaction of customers
        
        The items in a successful re-engineering:
        
        What should be changed?
        
        How this change is made?
        
        By which tool, the change is made?
        
        Why this change is made?
        
        When the changes have occurred?
        
        Where the change is made?
- - - - American economist and popular scientist.
        
        Best known for theory of corporate decision making known as “behaviourism”.
  - - - Implementing a decision is as important as making that decision.
  - - - In this stage, people in an organization identify the problem and the upper management evaluates the organizational environment to come up with a solution.
      - Design Activity Stage
        
        The upper management explores for appropriate techniques to generate potential solutions to the dilemmas. They will further assess the advantages and risks before deciding on a plan of action.
        
        Choice Activity Stage
        
        When the list of possible solutions is made, the choice activity stage begins. It constructively investigates and analyzes the potential repercussions of all the options before deciding on the best course of action. This stage generally requires skills in creativity, judgment and quantitative analysis.
  - - - This type of decision making involves those decisions that already have a technique or guideline in place, which is used to obtain a solution or conclusion. They follow already established guidelines and formal patterns. Managers, for example, have already made similar decisions before and the process is repetitive and routine.
      - Non-programmed
        
        Non-programmed decisions, as opposed to programmed decisions, are ill-structured and one-time decisions. Non-programmed decision making is used to solve problems or circumstances where there are no clear rules or recommendations to follow. These are complex and have long-term effects