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Human sexual reproductive system - Coggle Diagram
Human sexual reproductive system
Reproduction
Two types of reproduction
Sexual
Whereby two gametes(or sex cells) fuse together forming a zygote.
Involves two parents
Examples:Fertilisation
A male gamete and a female gamete fuse together to form a zygote.
Example: reproduction in humans
Asexual
Does not involve the fusion of gametes
Involves one parents
Examples:Fission,Budding
Fission:A cell divides into two identical 'daughter cells'
Example: bacteria and fungi
Budding
Budding: A cell splits to produce a 'mother' cell and a 'daughter' cell. The mother cell us larger than the daughter cell
Example: yeast
production of new objects
Transfer of genetic information from one generation to another.
Premarital sex
Sexual intercourse before marriage.
Effects
Increase risk of sexually-transmitted infections(STIs)
Increase chance of unwanted pregnancy
Male reproduction system
Function
Discharge sperms to the female reproductive system
Produce and secrete male sex hormones called testosterone
Produce, store and transport
Parts: Penis
Function: An organ which deposits semen containing sperms in a woman's vagina during sexual intercourse
Urethra
Carriers urine and semen to the outside of the body at different times
Seminal vesicles
Produce seminal fluid called semen which is mixed with sperms
Fluid provides nutrients and lubricates the sperms movement.
Sperm duct
Carriers sperms from the testes to the urethra
Epididymis
Stores sperms temporarily
testis(plural:testes)
Produces sperms and male hormones called testosterone
Scrotum
Holds testes outside the body
A loose sac that holds the testes outside the body.
Male sex cell
Structure:Three parts head,middle piece and tail
:
Number of chromosomes: 23
Location of nucleus: In the head
Size: small
Movement: can move on its own with the help of the tail
Quantity:Released in millions in each ejaculation
Female reproductive system
Parts: Ovary
Produced mature eggs
Produced female sex hormones
A woman has an estimated 300 to 400 thousand eggs contained with her ovaries at a time of puberty
The eggs begin to mature with start of menstruation
They mature at the rate of about one egg in every month
Functions
Produce mature eggs for reproduction
Produce female sex hormones called oestrogen and progesterone
Fallopian tubes
Allows fertilisation to take place
Uterus
Allows implantation of embryo for growth and development
Cervix
A narrow opening which widens during childbirth
Vagina
A muscular organ where sperms are deposited
Female sex cell
Structure:A spherical Egg
Number of chromosomes:23
Location of nucleus: In the cell
Movement: cannot move on its own
Size:big
Quantity:Released one in each month
Features
Puberty
Period of human growth and development in which a boy and girl become physical mature
Begin to change from a child to an adult
Boys
Girls
Sex hormones which triggers the start of puberty: Oestrogen,progesterone
Common changes: Ovulation starts, breast enlarge an hips broaden, growth of public hair and armpit hair , growth spurt, onset of mensuration
When: 10-12 year old
When:12-14
Sex hormones which triggers the start of puberty: testosterone
Common changes:Production of sperms, penis and testes increased in size, voice deepens , growth of public hair and armpit hair, growth spurt
Fertilisation
Process
Mature egg is about to released from one of the ovaries into to the Fallopian tube which is know as ovulation
During sexual intercourse,semen is discharge in the vagina
Sperms swim towards the Fallopian tube from the vagina to meet the mature egg
Egg is surrounded by million sperms but only one sperm can penetrate and fertilise it
The fertilised egg is zygote.
Zygote starts to move towards the uterus with the help of tiny hairs on the wall of the Fallopian tube
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Its nucleus contains 23 pairs of chromosomes after fusion of both nuclei from the male and female gametes
Fusion of the nuclei of a sperms and an egg to form a fertilised egg
The fusion of the nuclei form both gametes passes certain characteristics of the parents to their offspring through their genes
Hence, the children inherit certain characters from each of the parents which is called
hereditary
Placenta
The mother's blood and the baby's blood do not mix in the placenta
An organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall through a tube called the umbilical cord
Function
To deliver nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
Remove waste substances and carbon dioxide from the baby
Menstrual cycle
The cycle is controlled by hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
With every menstrual cycle, a woman's body prepares for a possible pregnancy
When there is no fertilisation, there will be no implantation of embryo
As a result, the uterine lining will collapse and shed
Two important events
Menstruation
1-5:Uterine lining blood and the unfertilised egg are discharged through the vagina to the outside of the body
refers to the periodic shedding of the uterine lining.
First sign of puberty in girls
6-10:The uterine lining starts to repair and thicken due to the effect of oestrogen
11-17 the egg is released into the Fallopian tube for possible fertilisation
An egg can survive about 48 hours
Day 11-17 is called fertile period because a woman is likely to get pregnant if she has sexual intercourse
18-28 The uterine lining is maintained and continues to thicken to prepare for implantation due to the effect of progesterone
Fertilisation takes place, the thicken uterine lining is maintained.
The menstrual cycle discontinues until the baby born.
If there is no fertilisation, a new menstrual cycle begins
The cycle can be affected by various factors
Emotional disturbance, stress, mental fatigue, illness, unbalanced diet or malnutrition
Ovulation
refers of a mature egg into the Fallopian tubes from one of the ovaries
Ovulation usually occurs on day 14 of the cycle. A mature egg is expected to released from one of the ovaries
Sex issues
Birth control
Fertilisation between the male and female gametes is obstructed by natural or artificial knows as contraception or contraceptive methods
Contraception
A method, device or practice to reduce the chance for pregnancy by natural or artificial
Contraception for birth control should be effective, affordable and free from any risk to the health of the users
Allows to decide the number of children they want in a family
Interval between each pregnancy
Control of the number and frequency of children born in a family through contraception.
Temporary birth control
Read book=162-163
Permanent
Sterilisation is a simple operation intended to achieve permanent birth control for both men and women
Couple can't have children
Read book=163-164
Abortion
can take place naturally or deliberately
Effects
May lose blood excessively and leads fatality
Woman can become infertility as this process may damaged the uterus permanently
Termination of pregnancy at any stage by the removal of an embryo or a fetus from the uterus
Sexually transmitted infections
Read book 166-167
Infections disease which are passed from one person another through sexual contact