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Lecture 3: Functional Groups and Macromolecules - Coggle Diagram
Lecture 3: Functional Groups and Macromolecules
Functional Groups
What are they?
descriptive ending to classify molecule
What do they do/change?
changes behavior of mol
polarity
reactivity
solubility
intx with water
taste, smell
color
Hydroxyl
Alcohol
Oxygen and Hydrogen
New properties
increases reactivity
polarity allows it to react with other polar molecules
hydrophilic
polar
hydrogen bonding
dipole-dipole intx
polar
oxygen more electronegative than H
drawing??
sugars are alcohols
help link mols together
hydrophilic/soluble in water
Sulfhydryl
Sulfur and Hydrogen
Thiol, don't really use it
properties
polar
electronegativity difference btwn S and H
reactive
hydrophilic
MOSTLY reacts with other sulfhydryl groups
DI-SULFIDE BOND
S-H-H-S
dehydration synthesis
water forms as byproduct to form COVALENT bond
ONLY in cysteine
helps form proteins
Macromolecules
made of what?
Phosphate
PO4 (3-)
3 O's with/without H
properties
highly highly reactive
hydrophilic
polar
soluble
Important to:
DNA
ATP, etc
amino acids
RNA
Proteins
cell signaling
Phospholipids
Carbohydrates (Glycolysis)
phosphorylated mol
/phosphoric acid
Amino
NH2 or NH3+
Mol = amine
found in AMINO ACIDS
all amino acids also have carboxylic acid
properties
polarity
reactivity, less than OH
hydrophilic
Hydrocarbon
CH(1-3)
properties
nonpolar
hydrophobic
not soluble in water
not reactive
stable
phospholipid bilayer
nonpolar, tails of the triglyceride
hydrocarbon chain/tail
helps contribute to semi-permeability of membrane
Amounts in cell?
where from?
Carbonyls
Aldehydes
has H bonded to C
Ketones
Organic mol
high amount when in ketosis (or on keto diet)
reactive, not stable
polar
not as polar as OH
high solubility
hydrophilic
Interactions btwn Functional Groups
Any acid (carboxylic) + alcohol
Ester Bonds
trend
COOH doesn't alwys have to act like acid
dehydration synthesis, produces water
phosphoester bonds
= phosphoric acid + hydroxyl
lipids: triglycerides
Phosphoanhydride
phosphate + phosphate
AMP phosphate
nucleic acids
condensation reactions
Amide
carboxylic acid + amino
Peptide
attaches amino acids together
important for proteins!
Disulfide Bonds
SH + HS
dehydration synthesis/condensation
Carboxyls
Carboxylic acid
proton donor
COOH or COO-
properties
high reactivity
hydrophilic
polar
acidic
change pH
affect shape
which affect function
found in amino acid
reactive