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تابع 1 - Coggle Diagram
تابع 1
Transit Modes: System Technologies
Control is the means of regulating the travel of one or all vehicles in a system. The most
important control is for longitudinal spacing of the vehicles, which may be manualvisual, manual-signal, fully automatic, or various combinations of these.
Propulsion refers to the type of propulsion unit and method of traction or transferring
acceleration/deceleration forces
Guidance refers to the means of lateral vehicle guidance. Highway vehicles are steered
(by the driver) and their lateral stability is provided by wheel/support adhesion. Rail
vehicles are guided by flanges and the conical form of the wheel surfaces.
Support is the vertical contact between vehicle and riding surface, which transfers the
vehicle weight and traction force. The most common types are rubber tire on concrete,
asphalt, or other surface and steel wheel on steel rail.
Transit Modes: Rights-of-Way
Category A is a fully controlled ROW without grade crossings or any legal access by
other vehicles or persons. It is also referred to as ‘‘grade- separated,’’ ‘‘private,’’ or
‘‘exclusive’’ ROW, and it can be a tunnel, an aerial structure, or at-grade level.
Category B includes ROW types that are longitudinally physically separated by curbs,
barriers, grade separation, and the like from other traffic but with grade crossings for
vehicles and pedestrians, including regular street intersections
Category C represents surface streets with mixed traffic. Transit may have preferential
treatment, such as reserved lanes separated by lines or special signals or travel mixed
with other traffic
Transit Modes: Types of Service
There are many different types of transit services. They can be classified into groups by three characteristics:
First, by the types of routes and trips served:
• Short-haul transit is defined as low- to medium- speed services within small areas of high travel density,
such as central business districts (CBDs), campuses, airports, and exhibition grounds.
• City transit, the most common type, includes transit lines serving an entire city. They may operate on
any ROW category (C, B, or A).
• Regional transit consists of long high-speed lines with few stops, serving long trips within the
metropolitan region. Regional rail and some express bus lines exemplify this category.
Second, by stopping schedule or type of operation:
• Local service is with all transit units stopping at all stops (or as required by passengers).
• Accelerated service is operation when skip different stations on a predetermined schedule
• Express service is provided when stop only at widely spaced stops.
Third, by time of operation:
• Regular or all-day service is transit operated during most daily hours.
• Commuter transit or peak-hour service
• Special or irregular service is transit operated only during special events