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THE OLDER ADULT normal changes of aging - Coggle Diagram
THE OLDER ADULT normal changes of aging
cardiovascular system
muscle of heart not as efficient
decreased cardiac output
heart failure
reduced cardiac output and strength of contractions
peripheral vascular/arterial diseases
arteriosclerosis
varicose veins
PAD
venous thromboembolism
blood vessels become less elastic
oxygen used less efficiently
heart failure
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valves thicken
diastolic murmurs
more dilated aorta
thickening of ventricular wall
hypertension
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respiratory system
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calcification of costal cartilage and trachea
thoracic cage cannot expand fully
hypoxemia
more rigid rib cage
reduction of cough and laryngeal reflexes
collection of secretions
increased risk of Infections like pnuemonia
increased residual capacity
lungs not able to empty completely
decreased vital capacity
loss of elastic coil
decreased alveolar surface area
decreased reactions of peripheral and central chemoreceptors to hypoxia and hypercapnia
respiratory acidosis
dyspnea
cellular level changes
functional cell number decreases
body mass decreases
intracellular fluid decreases In total volume
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urinary and renal systems
decreased kidney size and weight
hypertrophy of bladder muscle
decrease In bladder's ability to expand
increased risk of reflux of urine Into ureters
changes In cortical control of micturition
nocturia
decreased glomerular filtration
caused by decreased renal blood flow
slower elimination of drugs
decreased tubular function
sensory changes
vision
loss of photoreceptor cells
difficulty seeing at night
increased sensitivity to glare
partial or complete white ring encircles periphery of cornea
arcus senilis
dry eye/reduced vision/increased Incidence of blindness
reduced elasticity and stiffening of the muscle fibers of the lens
presbyopia
lens and vitreous opacify
poor eye sight
hearing
sensorineural hearing loss
presbycusis
inner ear problems
caused by vascular disorders and viral Infections
taste
number of functioning taste beds decreases
less ability to taste foods, especially sweet and salty flavors
smell
loss of cells In olfactory bulb
less of an ability to smell
gastrointestinal system
the tongue atrophies, causing decreased taste sensation
less ability to taste foods
less saliva produced
difficulty swallowing/dysphagia
motility In esophagus and stomach decreases
risk for aspiration and Indigestion
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stomach becomes less elastic
inability to eat as much at one time
stomach pH Is more basic
weaker digestive functions
stomach cancer
less hydrochloric acid
less pepsin
can't absorb protein as well
weakness
cells cannot absorb dextrose, xylose, vitamin B, and vitamin D as well
makes vision worse; macular degeneration
less enzymes are produced
peristalsis Is slower
constipation
decrease In production of bile salts
gallstones
inability to digest fats
musculoskeletal system
loss of skeletal muscle mass
sarcopenia
thinning of cartilage and joints more susceptible to damage
osteoarthritis
muscles contract slower
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less range of motion
increased osteoclast activity
decreased osteoblast activity
more frequent fractures/osteoporosis
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physical appearances
loss of hair and graying of hair
loss of subcutaneous fat and cartilage In spinal column
tissue becomes less elastic
neurological system
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slowing In central processing
decrease In number of neurons, sensory receptors, and dermatomes
decline In function of cranial nerves affecting taste and smell
decrease In ability to taste foods
demyelination
slower nerve conduction
slower reaction times
weaker reflexes
atrophy of brain
accumulation of free radicals
cerebral blood flow decreases
sleep and reproductive systems
altered circadian sleep-wake cycles
insomnia
delay In onset of sleep
less time In REM sleep
daytime sleepiness
decrease In testosterone
andropause
vulva atrophies, labia flattens, loss of hair
epithelium of vagina thins
less collagen and adipose tissue production
uterus and ovaries decrease In size
fallopian tubes become shorter and straighter
endocrine system
thyroid gland atrophies and activity decreases
hypothyroidism
adrenal function decreases
decreased secretion ACTH
adrenal Insufficiency
pituitary volume holds less volume
potential decrease In height
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pancreas releases Insufficient amounts of Insulin; reduce tissue sensitivity to circulating insulin
type II diabetes