Periodic Trends
Ionization Energy (IE)
Electron affinity
Effective nuclear charge
Atomic Radius
Definition: The amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron on the valence shell out of the atom/ion in the gaseous state.
There are two types of Ionization Energy (IE):
Formula
Electronegativity
The attractive force of the nucleus felt by the outermost valence electrons.
The atomic radius of an atom is the measure of the distance from the center of the nucleus to the outer electron shell
Zeff = (# protons of element) - (# shielding electrons before the outermost valance shell's electrons)
A measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards it when it is an covalent bond
Decreases from top to bottom(down a group)
Across a period, effective nuclear charge increases as electron shielding remain constant (increases from left to right).
The atomic radius of an atom increases when the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom increases
Increases from left to right (within a period)
First Ionization Energy (IE1): the energy required to remove the first (outermost) electron from an atom in the gaseous state.
Second Ionization Energy (IE2): the energy required to remove the second electron from an ion that has already lost one electron.
The radius increases from left to right
Going down a group, distance and shielding increase, therefore effective nuclear charge decreases (increases from bottom to top).
First IE: A(g) + energy → A+(g) + e-
Second IE: A(g) + energy → A2+(g) + e-
General: A(g) + energy → A+(g) + e-
click to edit
The radius increases from up to down
Energy that is absorbed or released when a single electron is added to a neutral atom in the gaseous state
Trends
When the atomic number of the atom increases, the number of protons and electrons Increase as well. Therefore, there will be more electron shells, causing the radius to increase
In a group: Increases as it goes from top to bottom
In a period: Increases as it goes from left to right
EA becomes increasingly negative as you go across a period
EA becomes increasingly negative as you go up a group
click to edit
click to edit
The atomic radius of an atom will increase from left to right as a fuller valence shell means that the atoms have a stronger electromagnetic attraction making it more compacted
click to edit