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PARAQUAT TIMELINE, Code, Things to do : Colour code , add donations,…

- - - - 2009
        
        renowned environmental toxin researcher, Beate R. Ritz, found that paraquat exposure dramatically increased the risk of Parkinson's disease.
        
        A medical study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology in 2009 revealed that any exposure to paraquat within 1,600 feet of a home increases the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease by 75%.
        
        2011
        
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        2008
        
        Paraquat banned in UK 11 July 2008, replaced with retro
        
        Heylings did go on to work on a safer paraquat product that made it to market, a version of the pesticide known as Gramoxone Inteon. This formulation contained PP796 at three times the concentration laid out in the Rose Report and included another agent that made the contents of the stomach congeal so the body would be less likely to absorb the lethal chemical.
        
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        2007
        
        Paraquat banned in European Union due to safety concerns resulting in ban in 32 countries
        
        In 1998–2007, the authors enrolled 368 incident PD cases and 341 population controls from the Central Valley of California in a case-control study. They generated estimates for maneb and paraquat exposures incurred between 1974 and 1999. Exposure to both pesticides within 500 m of the home increased PD risk by 75%.
        
        2003
        
        an internal document produced in the litigation, the company laid out its strategy to address the mounting evidence of neurotoxicity, which it deemed “a threat to Syngenta’s paraquat business objectives.” Syngenta’s global regulatory manager advised steps to “contain any potential impact on Gramoxone” and “shift the focus of serious PD research to other environmental factors.”
        
        1999
        
        study in Brain Research, mice treated with paraquat showed decreased proteasome activities. Paraquat systemic administration of paraquat kills a subset of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in mice. The greater amount of paraquat administered, the greater the number of neuronal cells lost.
        
        2001
        
        in Samoa from 1979 to 2001, 70 percent of suicides were by paraquat poisoning
      - 1997
        
        EPA determined that occupational exposure is the primary way people have come into contact with paraquat. Agricultural-related occupations are the primary groups at risk.
        
        1996-1997 In southern Trinidad, particularly in Penal, Debe from 1996 to 1997, 76 percent of suicides were by paraquat,
      - 1998
        
        a study published in Neurology showed that farmers are more prone to Parkinson's disease than the general population, and pesticides may be blamed. The risk of developing the disease for farmers was 170 percent greater than that for non-farmers.
      - 1990
        
        Heylings working at Imperial Chemical Industries Trained in toxicology, he had been brought to the company three years earlier to lead a team that would work to reduce the health risks of ICI products that contained the pesticide paraquat. found notebook of Michael Rose, a senior scientist at the company, had handwritten years earlier.
        
        Rose Report. ICI had used the report to justify the concentration at which it added a chemical called PP796 to its paraquat products. But the numbers and graphs he saw jotted in the notebook didn’t support the conclusion that Rose drew in his official report. “When I compared the data in his report to the original pharmaceuticals clinical trial data, I found they were different,” Heylings told The Intercept. “You know, very different.” While an accurate analysis would consider all the outcomes in an experiment, Rose had “cherry-picked,” according to Heylings. “He took some data out, he put some data in.”
        
        wrote up a memo documenting the problems with the data and explaining that based on the evidence he had just found, the concentration of PP796, an additive intended to protect against poisoning, should be 10 times higher than the amount in the Rose Report — and 10 times higher than the levels in Gramoxone, ICI’s bestselling paraquat product.
        
        Possible to create product with less Paraquat but PP796 cost eight times more to produce than paraquat itself. the company developed a more dilute version of the pesticide for sale in Japan, where paraquat faced possible withdrawal, it was deemed too expensive in other countries. “At this dilution level, formulation and packing costs would be increased and product usage by farmers would reduce very significantly because of bulk inconvenience and higher prices,” Morrison wrote in October - “We see no reason to change proactively from our current formulations.”
    - - Following Mexican efforts to eradicate marijuana and poppy fields, the United States government helped by sending helicopters and other technological assistance. Helicopters costin $21 million were used to spray the herbicides paraquat and 2,4-D on the fields; marijuana contaminated with these substances began to show up in US markets, leading to debate about the program. + shot peasants with pellets who were defending their crops
      - Paraquat was going to get a special review by EPA which could result in it being banned in USA. 2 weeks later ICI planned to add emetic PP796 to Gramoxone at 0.05%
      - ICI Patented PP796 emetic to make a new profit from as it became required in all paraquat solutions.
    - - Rose Report first drafted - study on emetic amount to be added to Paraquat products . Stated humans more sensitive to emetic than dogs + monkeys = lower dose needed than studies. 0.05 a dose that, as company officials noted in a document marked “secret” later that year, “would not result in too great an increase in the cost of Gramoxone
      - Chevron scientist named Richard Cavalli called attention to the fact that the science didn’t support the company’s decision to include the chemical at the planned concentration, as a document Chevron U.S. produced in litigation made clear. After looking at data noone had vomited after the 15 minutes given.
      - according to a 1976 memo from Cavalli, which was supplied by Chevron, Rose hadn’t actually seen the human data that he wrote up in his report; the data was on microfiche, and all hard copies had been destroyed.
    - - Marijuana crop field use
      - wave of drug-induced Parkinson's-like illnesses.
    - - the company had come up with another fix to what it described in a 1987 document as the “‘business’ problem brought about by suicidal/homicidal abuse of the product.” Where they developed less harmful versions of the product that would be kept secret unless asked by regulators to withdraw the product. In order to provide a ‘basket of options’ to offer to Regions/Regulatory Affairs Section when faced with a paraquat regulatory crisis,” - included a liquid formulation identified as “b,” which was at least five times more dilute than the one on the market, and “c,” a solid version
      - ICI explained why they never released these safer products - “The introduction of either formulation b) and c) on a global basis would destroy Group profit from paraquat.”
    - - Sweden ban Paraquat
    - - reports of poisonings began to mount, ICI returned to the idea. That year, the U.K. Poisons Center received 59 calls about paraquat, as its director, Roy Goulding, told ICI scientists at a meeting held the following year. Six people had died from ingesting the pesticide, including two children
    - - two people in the U.S., a critical market for the company, had already died after ingesting the pesticide. A woman killed herself by drinking it. And a 17-year-old boy in Hawaii died after accidentally drinking paraquat that had been poured into a soda bottle. By then, the problem had also cropped up in other parts of the world, including the Netherlands, Germany, France, Denmark, and Japan. (Paraquat was also sprayed on marijuana fields in Mexico in the 1970s courtesy of the U.S. government, which was hoping to kill the crops and instead created a massive “paraquat pot” health scare.) In Ireland, where 92 people died after ingesting paraquat between 1967 and 1977, a physician who watched a perfectly healthy man die after drinking paraquat dubbed the pesticide the “most deadly killer since the atom bomb.”
    - - evidence from the U.K. and Japan showed emetic not working. “No statistical evidence has emerged that the emetic has reduced the number of deaths with the product,” an ICI scientist named Peter Slade wrote in 1981. “the early onset of emesis after ingestion of paraquat does not play a part in reducing mortality,” a “highly confidential” internal report on the Samoan deaths noted.
        
        Slade responded by noting people shouldn't put all hopes in the emetic to saving the Paraquat problem
    - - EPA did receive information that suggested PP796 would make paraquat safer, which it cited in its 1982 decision not to move ahead with its investigation and possible ban.
    - - “It strikes me that what we need is a potent emetic which causes vomiting within 5 minutes of swallowing a potentially lethal dose of paraquat. PP796 does not meet this criteria,” an ICI scientist named Lewis Smith wrote in 1984. Smith suggested increasing the amount fivefold, but that didn’t happen.
    - - In Malaysia, where the pesticide was used to control weeds on rubber plantations, there were 253 deaths in 1986 alone.