Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Sinking of the Titanic - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 2200 passengers, only 705 survived to reach their destination
        
        material failures and design flaws include, brittle steel hull, rivet failure, watertight apartment flaws
  - - - April 14 (Sunday), carrying 2208 passengers additional boilers brought online as speed increased to approximately 21.5 knots
        
        April 14, 2340 hours, crows nest lookout Frederick Fleet rang warning bell 3 times to signal the bridge as well as a conversation via the onboard phone system to alert of an object ahead in the water. Too late!
        
        First officer, William Murdoch order the ship be turned hard to starboard to maneuver the bow around iceberg then intended to turn had to port to swing the stern, however Titanic brushed a submerged area of the iceberg on the starboard side opening several holes of variable sizes allowing an inrush of water.
        
        Captain Smith informed by ships designer, Thomas Andrews, pumps not sufficient for omout of water being taken and will only buy them some time. crew begin preparing lifeboats which was barely sufficient to carry the 2208 passengers aboard.
        
        0220 hours, Titanic breaks in two taking 1500 passengers to the depths of the ocean. 2 hours and 40 minutes after collision.
        
        not long after 0400 hours, The Cunard Company's steamship Carpathia arrived at the scene. Carpathia's Captain, Arthur Henry Robinson, locates a sole lifeboat and no sighting of Titanic. daybreak aided in the recovery of further lifeboats and survivors.
        
        1 more item...
        
        First officer Murdoch was in command of Titanic, along with third officer Herbert Pitman when Frederick took his post at crows nest look out at 2200 hours.
        
        Frederick had 4 years experience as a lookout on ship Oceanic (total 5-6 years at sea)
        
        Boarded Titanic from Belfast
        
        F.Fleet describes iceberg as 50-60 feet above the water (Titanic inquiry project, 2019, American Inquiry)
        
        Binoculars had been requested but had not been made available at this time. Fleet had to rely on his night eyesight (Routledge, 2012, p.680)
- - - - Hull constructed of brittle steel (Basset, 2000)
        
        Poor design of watertight compartments, not high enough as water spilled over the into adjacent compartments as Titanic pitched forwards (Basset, 2000)
        
        Only half the amount of lifeboats carried as they were removed to make the deck more aesthetically pleasing (Basset, 2000)
        
        Only 20 lifeboats available (Deitz, 2012, p.39)
        
        water tight compartments should have sealed completely to stop the flow of water (Basset, 2000, p.9).
        
        double bottom hull extended up the sides of the sister ships after the accident.
        
        double sheeting provides extra shielding of the hull in case the ship hits something (Basset, 2000, p.9)
      - below freezing water temperature, speed of travel & sulfur levels contributed to the material failures (Basset, 2000).
        
        Metallurgical testing suggests higher sulfur, phosphorus & oxygen level than would be permitted today (Deitz, 2012, p. 38)
    - - Lifeboats removed for aesthetic appeal, reducing life saving capacity
        
        Maiden voyage, April 10, 1912, departs Southampton, England for New York (Basset, 2000, p.3).
        
        April 14, 1912, A cruising Titanic engaged all boilers to obtain maximum speed (Titanic inquiry project, 2019)
        
        Ice berg Strikes starboard side of hull opening various holes and flood the forward lower decks, double hull not effective as it doesn't extend to this height (Basset, 2000, p.9)
        
        Water tight compartments fail as water flows forward over them around midnight (Basset, 2000, p. 3).
        
        Mayday not responded to and emergency flares not acknowledge by nearby ships.
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Designed to travel at 21-22 knots (Felkins, Leighly & Jankovic,1998)
        
        Titanic was travelling at almost full speed
        
        watertight compartments may have aided in the sinking by water cascading toward the bow (Basset, 2000, p.8)
        
        designed to contain and slow the intake of water, Titanic had six tears in the hull along its side. these compartment couldn't be sealed entirely and water cascaded towards the bow over the walls (Basset, 2000, p.9)
        
        Conditions were still, clear and moon lit. these calm conditions made it difficult to identify icebergs (Routledge, 2012, p.680)
      - pressure to complete construction in time.
- - - - Captain Edward Smith, most Snr Captain of White Star fleet. Titanic Cpt.
        
        First officer, William Murdoch
        
        Crows nest lookout, Frederick Fleet
        
        dark and still conditions
        
        April 14, 1912. Left the bridge to attend a dinner function, excused himself & had a brief temperature report before retiring to bed
        
        Cpt. Smith awoken by collision and inspects Titanic with Thomas Andrews
        
        Cpt. Smith had had an earlier collision, however highly respected
      - Lord William James Pirrie, Principle owner & Managing Director, Harland & Wolff (Irish ship builders).
        
        Thomas Andrew, Managing Director, in charge of ship design and construction. Nephew of Lord W.J. Pirrie
    - - International Mercantile Marine Co.
        
        President, J.Bruce Ismay
        Director, Lord J. Pirrie (Titanic inquiry project, 2019, American Inquiry)
        
        financial and time pressure to complete the build and put Titanic in service?