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Older adult - Coggle Diagram
Older adult
Cardiovascular system
Age Related Changes:
-Prolonged cardiac cycle
-Calcification & reduced elasticity of vessels
-Less sensitive to baroreceptor regulation of blood pressure
-Myocardial muscle less efficient
-Aorta becomes dilated
-Decreased contractile strength
-Unable to meet the needs of increased activity
-Increased peripheral resistance
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Diseases:
-Coronary Artery Disease/Atherosclerosis
-Orthostatic Hypotension
-Congestive Heart Failure
-Hyperlipidemia Arrhythmias
-Peripheral Vascular Disease
-Venous Vascular Disease
-Arterial Vascular Disease
-Varicose Veins
-Venous Thromboembolism
-Aneurysms
Endocrine system
Age Related Changes: -Thyroid gland atrophies and activity decreases
-Diminished adrenal function
-ACTH secretion decreases
-Volume of pituitary gland decreases
-Insufficient release of insulin
-Reduced tissue sensitivity to circulating insulin
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Respiratory system
Age Related Changes:
-Lungs lose elastic recoil
-Changes occur in upper airway paths, nose, and trachea
-Declining muscle strength
-Reduced cough reflex
-Lung size and weight reduction
-Increased ventilation and perfusion are imbalanced
-Increased dead space in the lungs
-Decrease in alveolar surface space
-Decreased reaction of peripheral & central chemoreceptors
-Decrease in cilia
-Decreased ability to clear mucus secretions
-Decreased ability to cough and deep breathe
-Decreased immune response
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Digestive system
Age Related Changes:
-Atrophy of the tongue
-Decrease taste sensation
-Saliva production decreases
-Presbyesophagus
-Weaker esophageal contractions
-Weakness of sphincter
-Esophageal and stomach motility decreases
-Decreased elasticity of the stomach
-Stomach has higher pH Decline in hydrochloric acid
-Decline in pepsin
-Increase in incidence of gastric irritation
-Fewer cells on absorbing surface of intestinal wall
-Decrease enzyme production in the liver
-Slower peristalsis Increase in the risk of constipation
-Sensory perception decreases
-Bile salt decreases Increase risk of gallstone development
Disease:
-Xerostomia
-Dysphagia
-Hiatal Hernia
-Esophageal Cancer
-Cancer of the Stomach
-Diverticular Disease
-Colorectal Cancer
-Chronic Constipation
-Flatulence
-Intestinal Obstruction
-Fecal Impaction
-Bowel Incontinence
-Acute Appendicitis
-Cancer of the Pancreas
-Biliary Tract Disease
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Urinary system
Age Related Changes:
-Size and weight of kidney decreases
-Hypertrophy and thickening of the bladder muscle
-Decrease in bladder ability to expand
-Reduced storage capacity
-Changes in cortical control of micturition
-Inefficient neurological control of bladder emptying
-Weaker bladder muscle
-Retention of large volumes of urine
-Glomerular filtration rate decreases
-Decreased renal blood flow
-Decreased numbers of functioning glomeruli
-Decreased tubular function
-Increased renal threshold for glucose
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Nervous system
Age Related Changes:
-Decline in function of cranial nerves affecting taste and smell
-Decrease in number and sensitivity of sensory receptors, dermatomes, and neurons
-Loss of nerve cell mass
-Atrophy of the brain and spinal cord
-Brain weight decreases
-Number of dendrites declines
-Demyelination
-Slower nerve conduction
-Response and reaction times are slower
-Reflexes become weaker
-Free radicals accumulate
-Decrease in cerebral blood flow
-Fatty deposits accumulate in blood vessels
-Ability to compensate declines with age
-Intellectual performance maintained until at least 80 years age
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Reproductive system
*Age Related Changes:
FEMALE:
-Vulva atrophies
-Flattening of the labia
-Loss of subcutaneous fat and hair
-Vaginal epithelium thins
-Cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes atrophy
-Reduction in collagen and adipose tissue
-Shortening and narrowing of the canal
-Less lubrication
-Alkaline vaginal pH
-Uterus and ovaries decrease in size
-Fallopian tubes become shorter and straighter
-Breasts sag and are less firm
-Some retraction if nipples related to shrinkage and fibrotic changes
-Cervix becomes smaller
-Endocervical epithelium atrophies
MALE:
-Seminal vesicles develop thinner epithelium
-Muscle tissue replaced with connective tissue
-Decreased capacity to retain fluids
-Seminiferous tubule changes
-Increased fibrosis, epithelium thinning, thickening of the basement membrane, narrowing of the lumen
-Atrophy of the testes and reduction in testicular mass
-Ejaculation fluid contains less live sperm
-Testosterone stays the same or decreases slightly
-More time required to achieve an erection
-Enlargement of the prostate gland
Disease:
-Erectile Dysfunction
-Atrophic Vaginitis
-Cancer of the Endometrium
-Perineal Herniation
-Cancer of the breast
-Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
-Cancer of the Prostate
-Tumors of the Scrotum
-Dyspareunia
Integumentary system
Age Related Changes:
-Skin thins
-Less able to sense touch
-Easily tears
-Increased risk for skin injury
-Loss of elasticity
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Immune system
Age Related Changes:
-Reduced production of B and T cells in bone marrow and thymus
-Diminished function of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues
-Becomes slower to respond
-Increase risk of getting sick
Disease: -Rheumatoid arthritis
-Systemic lupus erythematosus
-Inflammatory bowel disease
-Multiple sclerosis
-Type 1 diabetes mellitus
-Guillain-Barre syndrome
-Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Musculoskeletal system
Age Related Changes:
-Overall height decreases
-The trunk and spine shorten
-Breakdown of the joints may lead to inflammation, pain, stiffness, and deformity
-Loss in skeletal muscle mass and strength
-Less toned
-Less able to contract
-Muscle fibres reduce in number and shrink in size
-Lost muscle tissue is replaced with a tough, fibrous tissue
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Sensory
Age Related Changes:
-Loss of photoreceptor cells in retina -Light perception threshold decreases
-Dark light and adaptation takes longer
-Difficulty with vision at night
-Increased sensitivity to glare
-Partial or complete white ring encircles the periphery of the cornea
-Distortion in depth perception
-Peripheral vision reduced
-Tear production decreases
-Sensorineural hearing loss
-Functioning taste bud number decreases
-Decreased Tactile sensation
-Difficulty with discrimination of temperatures
-Loss of cells in olfactory bulb of the brain causing olfactory function
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