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The Aging Adult - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sx: SOB, wheezing, chest pain, cough
      - Patho: Intermittent disease with reversible airflow obstruction and wheezing due to a variety of stimulants
      - Tx: Bronchodilators, steroids, anti-inflammatories
    - - Patho: Chronic sputum with cough production daily for a minimum of 3 months for 2 consecutive years
      - Sx: Persistent, productive cough, wheezing, recurrent respiratory infections, SOB, hypercapnia, hypoxia, cyanosis
      - Tx: Lowest FiO2 to prevent CO2 retention, remove bronchial secretions, prevent airway obstruction, bronchodilators, steroids
    - - Patho: Damaged alveoli causes reduced gas exchange surface area, which leads to air trapping
      - Sx: Barrel chest, SOB, pursed lip breathing
      - Tx: Postural drainage, bronchodilators, breathing exercises
- - - - Patho: Increase force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls
      - Sx: Headache, impaired memory, disorientation, confusion
      - Tx: Antihypertensives, fluid/Na+ restriction, exercise
    - - Patho: Atherosclerosis in coronary arteries causing decrease blood flow to the heart
      - Sx: Angina, indigestion, coughing, syncope, sweating, confusion
      - Tx: Nitroglycerin, maintain blood lipid levels, BP, exercise
    - - Patho: Increase blood lipids due to poor diet, obesity, genetics
      - Tx: Dietary changes, medications (statins), exercise
      - Sx: High BP, chest pain
- - - - Patho: Incidence of swallowing difficulties increases with age
      - Sx: Coughing when eating/drinking, wet voice, sensation of food stuck in throat/chest
      - Tx: Dysphagia diet (soft/pureed food), aspiration precautions
    - - Patho: Small bulging pouches in the large intestine that can become infected
      - Sx: Left lower quadrant pain, increased flatus, rectal bleeding
      - Tx: High fiber diet, bulk-forming laxatives, avoid nuts/seeds
    - - Patho: Caner of the colon or rectum (45% rectal/sigmoid, 25% cecum/ascending colon, 30% remainder of colon)
      - S/S: Change in bowel habits, sense of incomplete evacuation, abdominal pain, n/v, weight loss
      - Treatment: Colon resection
- - - - Sx: Urine leaks while coughing, sneezing, etc, sudden urge to urinate, dribbling of urine
      - Tx: Bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, anticholinergics
      - Patho: Loss of bladder control
    - - Sx: Hematuria, proteinuria, HTN, edema
      - Tx: Treat underlying cause
      - Patho: Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys
    - - Sx: Side/back pain, burning sensation while urinating, fever/chills
      - Patho: Hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys
      - Tx: Hydrate, analgesics, sound waves to break up stone
- - - - Sx: Bone pain, loss of height, stooped posture, easy fractures
      - Tx: Biphosphonates, denosumab, hormone therapy
      - Patho: Increased bone resorption causes weak and brittle bones
    - - Sx: Joint pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, and decreased ROM
      - Tx: NSAIDs, steroids, DMARDs, therapy, surgery
      - Patho: Swelling and tenderness of one or more joints
    - - Sx: Dull pain, tenderness, mild swelling
      - Tx: Analgesics, steroids, therapy, surgery
      - Patho: Inflammation of one or more tendons
- - - - Sx: Pill rolling tremors, rigidity, stooped posture, shuffling gait, bradykinesia
      - Tx: Levodopa, promote patient safety
      - Patho: Disease of the basal ganglia which decreases dopamine levels and affects motor ability
    - - Sx: Facial drooping, arm weakness, slurred speech
      - Tx: tPA, anticoagulants, rehab
      - Patho: Interruption of blood supply to the brain
    - - Sx: Personality changes, confusion, disorientation, loss of memory, limited attention span, anxiety/depression
      - Tx: Ensure patient safety, Reorient patient, CAM therapies
      - Patho: Irreversible impairment in cognitive function (memory, language, reasoning, etc)
- - - - Sx: Fatigue, fever, joint pain, butterfly rash
      - Tx: NSAIDs. steroids, immunosuppressants
      - Patho: Autoimmune inflammatory disease
    - - Sx: Numbness or weakness in limbs, tremor, vision problems
      - Patho: Immune system attacks myelin sheath
      - Tx: Steroids, muscle relaxants, therapy
    - - Sx: Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
      - Tx: Monitor blood sugar, monitor food intake, insulin
      - Patho: Immune system attacks pancreatic cells and pancreas cannot produce sufficient insulin
- - - - Sx: Dry skin, itching, red patches, thickened scaly skin
      - Tx: Steroid creams and anti-inflammatories
      - Patho: Red and itchy skin
    - - Sx: Red patches covered with thick, silvery scales, itching
      - Tx: Steroids, light therapy
      - Patho: Skin disease that causes red, itchy scaly patches
    - - Sx: Hair thinning on top of head, bald spots, body hair loss
      - Tx: Rogaine, hair transplant
      - Patho: Hair loss that can affect the scalp or entire body
- - - - Sx: Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
      - Tx: Monitor blood sugar, monitor food intake, insulin
      - Patho: Pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin
    - - Sx: Fatigue, anorexia, weight gain, cold intolerance
      - Tx: Synthroid and thyroxine
      - Patho: Hypofunction of thyroid gland
    - - Sx: Exophthalmos, increase appetite, weight loss, nervousness
      - Tx: Thyroid ablation, thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine therapy
      - Patho: Secretion of excess amounts of thyroid hormone
- - - - Andropause: A decline in testosterone levels with aging
      - Atrophy of the testes
      - Ejaculation fluid contains less live sperm
      - Enlargement of the prostate gland
    - - Menopause: the permanent cessation of menses
      - Less lubrication
      - More alkaline pH
      - Sex organs atrophy
  - - - Sx: Hesitancy, decreased stream, nocturia
      - Tx: Meds, transurethral resection
      - Patho: Enlarged prostate
    - - Sx: Vaginal dryness, burning, discharge, itching
      - Tx: Moisturizers, lube, estrogen
      - Patho: Increased vaginal fragility increases the risk of irritation