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How do Public Spaces in New Towns shape the social bonding and community…

- - - - Regulation
        
        management practices
        
        perception of safety
        
        cost = free
        
        low-barrier participation
        
        detailed rules, punitive sanctions
      - Facilities
        
        playfulness
        
        Adults, and child supervision
        
        busking, art performances, interaction with water/fountains
        
        seeing children playing was an ice-breaker for initiating conservation
        
        pets/dog-walking
        
        multiple function
        
        gives opportunity for encounter
        
        lingering/people-watching/playing
        
        diverse and intersecting movement
        
        create an inclusive atmosphere
        
        Seating elements
        
        provision of benches, steps, planters, sittable edges, grassed surfaces
        
        provide microclimate comfort
      - Inclusiveness
        
        equal access, safe space
        
        provision of area to sit, read, drink coffee
        
        observing people >> way to accuqire cultural knowledge
        
        an entry point for engaging in public life
        
        contextual expectation
        
        seating elements >> shared space
        
        Neg (-)
        
        dominated by a particular group, eg HK people, south asains
        
        ownership over the park
      - Environmental Quality
        
        feel safe and pleasurable, want to spend time
        
        well-maintained, cleanliness
        
        microclimate (sunny, sheltered)
      - Space of interdependence:
        
        micro-public (Amin,2002)
        
        sports/music club
        
        drama/theatre groups
        
        communal garden
        
        libraries
        
        community centres
        
        break out of fixed patterns of interaction, learn new ways of interacting
        
        to negotiate their common interest/status
        
        repeated visits, become familiar, home-like
    - - 1) Perceptions/feelings
        
        Stereotypes/Prejudice value/Racism, e.g. South Asian are bad people
        
        experience of marginalization and discrimination
        
        therefore might be stressful/burden for minority groups, unsure how they will be recieved
        
        have burden/fear to represent themselves
        
        minority individuals are perceived to represent members of wider social group
        
        Respect for difference/openness attitude/ mutual respect/intercultural understanding
        
        Tolerance, (a relationship of inequality),
      - 2) Interaction
        
        Cultural Exchange
        
        develop intercultural understanding, increase Cultural knowledge
        
        Conflicts
        
        behave in a polite way/ disrespectful way
      - 3) Behaviours
        
        etiquetee/civility禮貌