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Civics and Citizenship
Key Concepts
Democratic Values
Equality: rights and resposibilities for all --> no discrimination: gender, race, religion, age, sex, level of education --> same opportunities
Respect: treat with consideration, value views, beliefs, rights
Freedom: Rights, privlleges and responsibilities for all without intereference/control-->from other citizens/government
Fairness: all treated fairly
Democracy: system of Government run people for people --> Determin how they are ruled/managed
Representatives Democaracy: representatives elected --> laws on our behalf
18+ required to vote state/Federal elections -local: optional
Westminster System: parliament system consisting 2 chambers/houses elected by people make laws on behalf
sovereign (king, queen, governor general) --> acting head of state --> give approval to all laws from parliament
Aus federal and state state gov--> westminster system
Justice: people treated fair, balance for all --> key features of WA and Australia legal system designed --> deliver justice to all --> right to fair trial, legal representation, unbiased juries
Participation: good citizens contribute /take part in society --> voting election/referendum, jury duty, paying tax
Rights and Responsibilities: etitlements & duties as citizens, Rights= vote, trial by jury, freedom of religion.
Responsibilities= vote in elections, jury service, obey law
Key Features of Australia's System of Government
Principles of Australias government system:
-Government must protect rights & freedom of individual
-Government must make laws that reflect views & values of the people
-Governemtns must be accountable to the people
-There must be separation of power --> no single group or body within our parliamentary system has power over both political & legal systems
3 levels of Gov: local + State + Federal
Separation of Powers
Fundamental principle of law that maintains that all three organs of government remain separate.
Requires that the judiciary, the executive and the legislature all remain distinct from each other to ensure that the diff arms of gov do not encroach upon each other
System of Government - Aus and Indonesia
Indonesia
Separation of power
Power to administer laws --> President
Power to apply laws --> Court judges
Power to make laws
National
Provincial
District
Indonesia's type of government
Republic: ppl vote to determine government instead of hereditary monarch
indonseia leaning towards a more representative democracy
Structure of Indonesia's parliament
Lower house 9people's consultative assembly) 560 --> upper house (regional representatives) 76 --> president
Levels of Gov
national Provincial
Provincial
District
History
In 1942 after claiming independence from the Dutch and Japanese
In teh nation's first direct presidential election in 2004 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was elected president
Australia
History
On 1st Jan, 1901 a parliamentary law was passed to unite the colonoies to form a federal system of government
During 1788 the first fleet of british ships landed, beginning of the colonisation of Aus
Separation of power
Legislative: Power to make laws
House of representatives
Senate
Executive: Power to administer the law
Governor genral --> prime minister and senior ministers --> government departments
Executive: Power to apply the law
High court --> other federal courts
Australia's type of government
Representative Democracy
System of gov run by ppl for ppl
Head of state: the Queen
Structure of Australia's parliament
Lower house (house of representatives) 151 --> Upper house (Senate) 76 --> English Monarch represented by governor general
Levels of Gov
State
Local
Federal
Similarities & Differences
Same
Bicameral houses
Representatives are elected to make laws on behalf of ppl
separation of powers, three lvls of government that do similar things
Indonesia
administrating the law is solely done by the president
Republic
Both houses caontain more members
The bill is able to be passed without being approved by both houses
Australia
bill has to be passed by both houses
administrating the law is held by the GG, PM & Government departments
Monarchy
Both houses have less members
Threats to Australia's democratic system
Corruption
immoral abuse of power --> personal gain
Aus viewed --> one of least corrupt public or gov sectors in world. Ranking v in last five years ^ corruption, bribery & fraud in carious organisations
Organised Crime
Crimminal groups & networks --> undertake very carefully planned crimminal activities
threatens --> national security/safety of citizens
Cost economy $15 mill per year
Lawlessness
associated w/ gangs --> act unruly & ometimes violent manner --> no regard for law
^ no. of young gangs over recent years
involved: street violence, vandalism & organised crime
risk to public safety
Influence of those with vested interests
Concerns that small amnt of wealthy indiviuals & lrge corporations --> able to have disproportionate amnt of influence over gov policiy in Aus --> large donations to political parties who beifit interest
Eg. Charles Bas (co-founder mining comp) donate $200000 --> Liberals
Corruption Perceptions Index
an index which rates countries "by their percieved lvls of public sector corruption, as determined by expert assesments & opinion surveys:, Corruption --> "abuse of entrusted pwr for private gain
Media Bias & Voting
most voters gain info --> media
essential that media present impartial & unbiased info especially lead up to election
democratic systems relies on individuas being ablt to make informed decisions abt which political party would make laws --> best reflect their views & values
Safegruards to Australia's democracy
people elect the government
Each state, territory & federal parliament is elected by the ppl
Compulsory voting means out governments have the support of majority of the people
Governments uphold our shared values
main feature of democracy --> parliament makes & enforces laws that protect out shared values so that all citizens treated equal
laws that protect out right to
Basic health care
education
Fair trial
Life
Security
The right to dissent
Individuals have right --> appose/disagree w/ views held by gov
Freedom of speech & freedom assembly allow us t protest w/out fear of punishment
Processes to resolve differences
In order to keep peace, pocesses exist --> help groups/individuals ressolve their problems/disputes
Process can be in formal settings (courts) /informal domestic settings:
Negotiation- parties get together and try to discuss key isues in disute to reach settlement between them.
Mediation- parties meet w/ independent 3rd party --> helps them discuss issues & reach mutual resolution.
Reconciliation- process of reneing a relationship between parteis, usually required forgivness.
Social issue Animal Abuse
cause
Intensive animal farming
instance of cultivating something excessively
Animlas in entertainment industry
Animals are used extensively in the entertainment industry, including in circuses; zoos and pseudo-sanctuaries
Animals used in testing
Many different species are used around the world, but the most common include mice, fish, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, farm animals, birds, cats, dogs, mini-pigs, and non-human primates
impact
Criminal violence and domestic abuse are more prone to happen
animal cruelty affects young minds
causes young minds into a more aggressive state
Extinction and environmental collapse are slao potential consequences
Large decrease in animal life or large mistreatment can effect the ecosystem teriibly
Over farming/fishing is large cause of this with consequences like land degradation
solutions
Demand stricter laws of the protection of animals. Animal welfare rules that are more stringent and have harsher punishments will result in fewer incidences of animal crueltry
future suggestion
Donate to Rescue Groups
Teach Compassion for animals to kids
Purchase humane animal products
Stop littering and reduce
description
Range of behaviours that are harmful to animals, from neglection to malicious killing, bu tsometimes the harm is unintentional
United Nations
examples of work done by the UN
Vaccinatees 58 per cent of the world's children, saving 2.5 million lives a year
Assists over 34 million refugees and people fleeing war, famine or persecution
Provides food to 90 million people in 75 countries
Combats climate change; works with 140 nations to prevent harmful mercury emissions
International organisation created in 1945. seeks to promote international cooporation. After WWII hoped this international organisation, devoted to world peace --> prevent wars
UN has 193 members and is commited to:
International peace and security in the world
creating friendship between nations
helping nations work together to assist poor people, alleviate hunger and disease, promote literacy, and promotes respect for people's rights and freedoms
providing a central point where nations can come together to achieve the above-mentioned goals
Australia's international responsibilites
Human rights- entitlements that all human beings possess regardless of their nationality, place of residence, sex, ethnic origin, colour, religion or any other status.
The UNiversal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN in 1945 and is considered to be the basis of international human rights law.
Aus was one of the countries that helped to create the Universal Declaration. Some of the rights in the Universal Declaration are:
No one should be subject to randomly being
No one should be subject to torture or slavery
Everyone has the right to life
Everyone is entilitled to the same rights and freedoms
All people are born free and equal
No one should should be subject to randomly being arrested, detained or exiled
Peacekeeping- Un peacekeeping assists countries who have been torn by conflict to achieve lasting peace. It does this by:
overseeing elections
disarming those who were involved in fighting - for example, controlling and disposing of weapons
Protecting civilians - civilians are those who are not on active duty with the military, navy, polive or fire-fighting organisations
protecting and promoting human rights
Maintaining peace and security in a region
restoring rule of law to a region, meaning that legal institutions including the government, police, courts and prisons are strengthened and are accountable for their actions.
Foreign aid- assistance in the form of money, skills or other resources transferred from one country to another, mainly for humanitarian reasons.
Countries in our immediate region are the main recipients of foreign aid;
Indonesia
Solomon Islands
East Timor
Myanmar
Fiji
Cambodia
Environmen- UN pays an important role in brininging countries together to agree on set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Westminster
