Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Biological macromolecules - Coggle Diagram
Biological macromolecules
Lipids
Their role consist of being an energy reserve, and being an insulator
The most common type of Lipid is are the triglycerides, which are conformed of 1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids molecules
Trygliceride:
Phospholipid:
They are not polymers, despite being made of smaller molecules, they are not a chain of repeating units
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides are maid of Phospate + Sugar + Base molecules
Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides which are linked to each other
Polymers of nucleotides
Examples
Rna: Single Helix structure made of a single chain of nucelotides
DNA: Double helix structure, which is conformed of two chains of nucleotides. each chain of double helix is joined to each other by complementary bases
Used for making proteins, when the cell reads the DNA and translates it to protein
The DNA is read in Condon, are similar to DNA "Words" and each Condon codes for a specific amino acid, when all read condone are put together, the cell is able to put all the amino acids together in the right order, this builds the primary structure for proteins, wich is done according to the cells DNA
(Polymer) DNA:
(Polymer) RNA:
(Monomer) Nucleotide:
ATP: Energy currency of the cell
(Monomer) ATP:
Proteins
Long chains of amino acids
Amino acids (monomers) share a basic structure, but have a part that is different, in total there are 20 different amino acids
Proteins differ in the amino acids that make it and their sequence
Also called Polypeptides
Polypeptide: Molecule made of many amino acids linked together
The amino acids join together by a condensation reaction, the resulting bond is called peptide bond
Peptide bonds are very strong and can't be broken by changes in the temperature, to break a peptide bond it is needed a hydrolysis reaction done by enzymes
Primary Structure: The type of amino acids contained in a chain, the sequence in which they are joined makes up the primary structure of proteins
Secondary Structures: The polypeptide often folds, due to attraction between amino acids in the chain
All bonds: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary can be disrupted by high temperatures or PH changes
Tertiary structure: A protein could to form a precise 3 dimensional shape
Quaternary structure: many proteins are made of 2 or more polypeptide chains
Protein denaturation: A protein need its specific 3D shape to survive, high temperatures and PH changes wich break bonds that 2ry and 3ry structures in shape, causes the protein to go back to its primary structure. In this case the protein is said to be denatured and and isn't active (can't perform its function)
Role of proteins in living cells: They are part of the cell membrane, they are enzymes, they make up the structure, are antibodies and they are fundamental building blocks of cells. They are also required for building and repairing (Building new cells, muscle build up for ex)
Carbohydrates
(Disaccharides) Their functions is to supply the body with a quick source of energy, these are: Maltose, sucrose, lactose
Sucrose:
Lactose:
Maltose:
(Polysaccharides) They store up energy or support the structure of the cell, these are: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
Glycogen:
Cellulose:
Starch:
(Monosaccharides) Their main function is to provide energy, in this case these are: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Fructose:
Galactose:
Alpha Glucose:
C6 H12 O6
When 2 glucose molecules bond, that process is called condensation and a glycosidic bond is formed, in this case, an alpha 1.4 glycosidic bond
Carbo hydrates are mostly sugars and can be mono sugars or poly sugars, the function of carbohydrates is to provide energy
Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.
