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pathophysiology - Coggle Diagram
pathophysiology
menstrual cycle
The hormes that are present in the menstrual cycle are secreted due to the negative and positive feedback mechanism
The hormone secretion begins in the hypothalamus where the gonadotrophin releasing hormone is secreted in an increased, pulsatile fashion once puberty starts
The gonadotrophin releasing hormone is then transported to the anterior pituitary gland where it will activate the 7 transmembrane , G protein receptor
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LH and FSH will the provide input in the ovaries . Within the ovarian follicle there are two cells responsible for for hormone production , those are theca cells and granulosa cells
LH will then stimulate theca cells to produce progesterone androstenedione by activating the enzyme , cholesterol desmolase
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As the levels of progesterone increases based on the phases of menstrual , there is negative feedback mechanism in the to the anterior pituitary to lower the levels of FSH and LH being produced and subsequently , the levels of 17 beta estradiol and progesterone produced
During ovulation , in this case once a critical amount of 17 beta estradiol is produced , it provides positive feedback to the anterior pituitary to produce increased amounts of LH and FSH
Granulosa cells produce inhibin and activin , which inhibit and stimulate FSH release from the anterior pituitary
Amenorrhea
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The physiological states in amenorrhea are seen most commonly during pregnancy and lactation of which is breastfeeding.
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Amenorrhea can also be defined as the absence of secondary sexual characteristics where at age 14 there is o menarche or normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche at the age of 16
It is caused by developemental problems such as congenital absence of the uterus , failure of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland from pre mature menopause or an intra uterine scar fomation.
It is defined by the absence of menses for three months in a woman with previously normal menstruation or nine months for women with oligomenorrhea
Menopause
It is referred to as a permanent cessation of menstruation that results from the loss of ovulation and therefore presents the end of womans reproductive life
At the time of menopause the ovaries contain very few follicles , they have decreased in size and consist mainly of shrunken follicles and some interstesial cells and fibrous tissue
Estrogen production will then decrease by 80 percent or more , and this along with the loss of follicles results in marked increases in the secretion of LH and FSH
Menstrual periods may cease abruptly or may become irregular for a year before ceasing . Menpausal symptoms may occur abruptly or gradually
Menopausal symptoms may begin when the woman is still menstruating or more likely to begin after the menstruation ceases
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