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phonological theory - Coggle Diagram
phonological theory
Phone
Phone is a phonetic unit or segment.
The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
When we hear the following words pronounced:[pit], [tip], [spit], the similar phones we have heard are [p] for one thing and three different [p]'s, readily making possible the “narrow transcription or diacritics". Phones may or may not distinguish meaning.
In English, the distinction between aspirated [p"] and unaspirated [p] is not phonemic, i.e., they are the same phoneme. In Chinese, however, the distinction between /p/ and /ph/ is phonemic, like爸[pa],怕[p];鼻[pi],皮[pi].
Allophones
Allophones refer to the different phones representing a phoneme in different phonetic environments.
The difference of the phones is not big enough to make one word so phonetically different so as to create a new word or a new meaning thereof.
How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs.
For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in“let, play, tell". The first /l/ is made by raising the front tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; the second /I/ is made with the same tongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raising not only the front but also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.
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Phonemic Contrast
If two phonemes in a minimal pair occur in the same place and can distinguish meaning, that is, the phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast, e. g. /p/ and /b/ in“pit" and“bit".
Contrastive distribution
If two sounds are regarded as different phonemes, they must be in contrastive distribution.
Minimal Pairs
Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word, whereas other sounds do not. Minimal pairs test can be used to find out which sound substitutions cause differences of meaning.
When two different phonetic forms are identical in every way except for one sound segments which occurs in the same place in the string, the two forms are said to form a minimal pair, e. g. "pill" and“bill" are identical in form except for the initial consonants.
Minimal set
when more than two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the sound combinations are said to form a minimal set. Eg: beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat.
Phoneme
Phoneme is a phonological unit of distinctive value.
As an abstract unit, it is not any particular sound, but rather represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Phonemes are transcribed using the normal set of phonetic symbols, but within slant lines instead of square brackets.
For example, the phoneme /l/ is represented differently in [pit], [tip], and [spit]. In English there are altogether 44 phonemes. (24consonants, 20vowels)
Complementary Distribution
It refers to a relation between sounds whose distributions do not overlap.
For example, in English [h] only occurs before a vowel and [ȵ] only occurs after a vowel, and the clear [l] always occurs before a vowel while the dark [l] always occurs between a vowel and a consonant or at the end of a word. So the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.
Free Variation
If two sounds occur in the same environment and they do not contrast, i. e. the substitution of one for the other does not generate a new word but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, the two sounds are said to be in free variation.
Such phenomenon may be caused by dialct, habit or individual preference instead of by any distribution rule. Free variation is also seen in regional difference,“either”is pronounced as [i:0o] by most Americans but as [ai0] by most British people.
Phonetic Resemblance/ Similarity
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