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DISORDERS OF MENSTRUATION - Coggle Diagram
DISORDERS OF MENSTRUATION
Menorrhagia
Pathophysiology
. • Because ovulatory bleeding is linked to normal levels of circulating progesterone and oestradiol, increased menstrual loss is assumed to be caused by a change in prostaglandin production.
• PGE2 and prostacyclin (which cause vasodilation and prevent platelet aggregation) have a substantial ratio to PGF2a (which promotes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation).
Signs and Symptoms
• Using one or more sanitary pads or tampons for several hours at a time.
• Having to get up in the middle of the night to change sanitary protection.
• Bleeding that has lasted more than a week.
• Passing blood clots that are larger than a quarter.
• Due to high menstrual flow, daily activities are limited.
• Anemia signs and symptoms
Definition
Menorrhagia is the medical word for abnormally heavy or persistent bleeding during menstruation.
Causes
• Hormone imbalance.
• Dysfunction of the ovaries.
• Uterine fibroids.
• Polyps.
• Adenomyosis.
• Intrauterine device (IUD).
• Pregnancy complications.
• Cancer.
• Inherited bleeding disorders.
• Medications.
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Pathophysiology
:During puberty and perimenopause, anovulatory DUB is frequent.
Proliferative or discordant endometrium is the main cause of bleeding.
The ovaries' function declines during premenopausal years, resulting in anovulatory hemorrhage.
The hypothalamipitutary axis fails during adolescence, resulting in anovulatory bleeding.
Signs and Symptoms
:
heavy menstrual bleeding
bleeding that contains many clots or large clots
bleeding that lasts more than 7 days
bleeding that occurs less than 21 days from the last cycle
bleeding that occurs later than 35 days from the last cycle
spotting
bleeding between periods
weakness
low blood pressure
increased heart rate
pale skin
pain
Definition
: DUB is a disorder in which vaginal bleeding occurs outside of the menstrual cycle. DUB can also be triggered by certain hormonal circumstances and drugs.
Nursing intervention
• Monitor vital signs such as breathing rate, depth, and rhythm.
• Hypoemia, restlessness, lathergy, headache, and disorientation are all signs and symptoms to look out for.
• Examine any shifts in attitude or behavior.
• Check for cyanosis by looking at the color of skin.
• Continue to administer oxygen as directed, aiming for an oxygen saturation of 90% or higher.
• Improve the patient's to high Fowlers position
• Keep track of your vital signs and keep a record of them.
• Monitor serum electrolytes and urine osmolality for abnormalities and report them
• As directed, administer parenteral fluids.
• Encourage the patient to drink the fluld amounts suggested.
• Maintain proper input and output while monitoring active fluid loss through hemorrhage.
• Encourage the patient to communicate and acknowledge her anxieties.
• Allow for discussion of personal thoughts or concerns, as well as future expectations.
• Determine the patient's historical coping strengths and current areas of control or competence.
• Encourage the use of relaxation techniques such as guided imagery and deep breathing
Reference
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menorrhagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352829https://slidetodoc.com/common-menstrual-problems-many-girls-and-women-have/
2.
https://slidetodoc.com/common-menstrual-problems-many-girls-and-women-have/
3.
https://www.healthline.com/health/dysfunctional-uterine-bleeding-dub#symptoms