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Bacteria 
Composition
The single-celled organisms called bacteria live on, in, and around most living and nonliving things.
Bacteria are prokaryotes—that is, they have no distinct nucleus and they lack most of the internal structures found in the cells.
Bacteria inhabit oceans, deserts, hot springs, and even snow. They have been found high in the atmosphere, at the bottom of rivers and lakes, and in the deepest mines.
Some species can survive the scorching temperatures of hydrothermal vents; polar-dwelling species are well adapted to subzero temperatures.
morphology
Scientists divide the bacteria into groups based on shape: spherical cells, which are labeled as cocci (singular, coccus); rod-shaped cells, called bacilli (bacillus); curved rods, known as vibrios; and spiral-shaped bacteria.
Virtually all bacteria have a cell wall surrounding a cell membrane. Within the cell membrane lies the cytoplasm, a jellylike substance composed of water, proteins, and other molecules.
A single circular strand of DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm, as do ribosomes—structures that help the bacteria make proteins.
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locomotion
Many bacteria are able to move through liquids by means of taillike appendages called flagella, or tiny hairlike structures called cilia. Other species cannot move on their own, but are carried about on animals or insects, or through the air on dust.
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Reproduction
Several groups of bacteria can form structures called endospores, or spores. The spore is a resting stage that enables the organism to endure adverse conditions.
Most bacteria reproduce asexually by dividing in two, a process called binary fission. These two new cells grow and then each divides to form two new cells, resulting in a total of four cells with identical DNA from a single parent cell. Some species divide only
every 16 hours or more. In the fastest growing bacteria, however, fission may occur as often as every 15 minutes, yielding billions of bacteria with identical DNA within 24 hours.
Pathogenic bacteria may enter the body in many ways, such as through the mouth or through cuts in the skin. If they multiply sufficiently they can cause an infection.
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