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The UK's evolving human landscape Topic 5, GCSE Geography - Coggle…

- - - - UK government helps
      - Most in urban locations
      - Only 24!
    - - Access to superfast broadband
      - Start-up costs
      - Reduced taxes on profit
  - - - Targeted at peripheral areas mostly
      - Avaliable all over UK
      - Includes advice
      - Funds are tiny: Investors need to raise 5.5x of any government grant
  - - - Helps regions w/ GDP is below 75% EU average
      - Only 2 regions qualified in 2015: Cornwall & W, N Wales
  - - - Scotland invested into Borders Railway bet. Edinburgh & Tweedbank
      - A9 to become dual-carriageway
      - No motorways in Cornwall, N.Wales & Scottish Highlands
      - Most investment in England's urban core i.e. HS2
      - Cuts to government budget
- - - - Call centres
      - Transport companies i.e. Transport companies
      - Sheffield steel for specialised markets i.e. arms
      - Largest car factory: Nissan in Sunderland
  - - - Case Studies: Dinnington/ retail centres
      - Sector: Tertiary
      - E.g: Delivery firms, retail parks, shopping centres
      - Adv: Local papers
      - Location: Outskirts of towns for cheap land/ labour
      - Qualifications: Mostly unskilled, few qual. needed
      - Hours: 1/4 is part-time; mostly temporary for few weeks /months
      - Earnings: Minimum wage+
      - Employee mix: Even gender balance, majority women
    - - Case Studies: Canary Wharf
      - Sector: Quaternary
      - E.g: Global banking and law
      - Adv: Global adv
      - Location: Where there's highly skilled/qual staff, good IT & Broadband
      - Qualifications: Degree + training
      - Hours: Mostly full-time w/ contract jobs
      - Earnings: High salaries + bonuses; possible 6 figure
      - Employess mix: Mostly male, esp. in banks/ property companies
- - - - General Health
        
        Infant Mortality
        
        :new: 5.5
        :moneybag: 2.75
        
        % w/ ltd long illness
        
        :new: 12.3
        :moneybag: 7.6
        
        Premature deaths (bf 65, per 100,000)
        
        :new: 210
        :moneybag: 121
      - Education
        
        % of 16yr w/o 5 A*-C in 2012
        
        :new: 62
        :moneybag: 63
        
        % of 19yr w/o qual
        
        :new: 41
        :moneybag: 37
        
        % 5-16yr w/ free school meals
        
        :new: 20
        :moneybag: 8.4
        
        % adults educated to degree level
        
        :new: 26
        :moneybag: 64
  - - - Income
        
        People on LOW incomes
      - Employment
        
        UNABLE to work through unemployment/sickness/disability
      - Health & Disability
        
        People in POOR physical/mental health
      - Edu skills & training
        
        People w/ LOW edu. attainment
      - Housing & Services
        
        AFFORDABILITY of housing and within reach of services
      - Crime
        
        People affected by CRIME
      - Living Environment
        
        Living in SUBSTANDARD housing - i.e. lack of heating
      - AREAS
        
        Newham
        
        High
        
        High
        
        High
        
        Low
        
        Very High
        Low
        
        High
        
        High
        
        Cornwall
        
        Low
        
        Medium
        
        Low
        
        Low
        
        Very high
        
        Very low
        
        Very high
- - - - Pop of city: 8.6m
      - Conurbation: Greater London
      - Pop of con: 11m
      - Wider Core Region: London region
    - - Pop of city: 515,000
      - Conurbation: Greater Manchester
      - Pop of con: 2.5m
      - Wider Core Region: South Lancashire and Cheshire
    - - Pop of city: 1m
      - Conurbation: Greater Birmingham
      - Pop of con: 2.45m
      - Wider Core Region: West Midlands
    - - Pop of city: 44,000
      - Conurbation: Leeds-Bradford
      - Pop of con: 2.3m
      - Wider Core Region: West Yorkshire
    - - Pop of city: 290,000
      - Conurbation: Tyneside
      - Pop of con: 1.7m
      - Wider Core Region: Tyne and Wear
    - - Pop of city: 564,000
      - Conurbation: Sheffield-Rotherham
      - Pop of con: 1.6m
      - Wider Core Region: South Yorkshire
    - - Pop of city: 255,000
      - Conurbation: Southampton-Portsmouth
      - Pop of con: 1.55m
      - Wider Core Region: South Hampshire
    - - Pop of city: 314,000
      - Conurbation: Nottingham-Derby
      - Pop of con: 1.54m
      - Wider Core Region: East Midlands
    - - Pop of city: 550,000
      - Conurbation: Merseyside
      - Pop of con: 1.4m
      - Wider Core Region: South Lancashire
    - - Pop of city: 600,000
      - Conurbation: Glasgow and Clydeside
      - Pop of con: 1.2m
      - Wider Core Region: Central Lowlands of Scotland
- - - - Caused by...
        
        Globalisation
        
        EU membership
      - 2014: 318,000 long term immigrants
      - Most were working youth 18-35
    - - More women in 20s want kids earlier, because of reduced employment prospects after 2008 recession
      - Older women born in 70s choose to have kids after dealing w/ careers
      - Overseas born women in UK w/ higher birth rate
  - - - Richmond upon Thames
        
        Ethnicity: Least diverse in UK - 85% White; 7% Asian/Asian British - many born overseas in EU/USA
        
        Income: Very high - 69% prof or management jobs; av. £41,000 (double av income)
        
        Housing: 69% Own; 16% Rent priv.; 15% Rent soc. - affluent area
        
        Services: Less pressure 'cause less pupils; high amount in care homes
        
        Culture: Predominantly White Middle Class
      - Lambeth
        
        Ethnicity: Diverse - (38% born outside UK from 152 countries); 25% Black; 55% White; 8% Asian
        
        Income: Average income
        
        Housing: 44% Own; 20% Rent priv.; 34% Rent soc.
        
        Services: 81% from ethnic bg; 140 lang; ESOL for 1/2 pupils
        
        Culture: Varies from Black Caribbean to White Middle Class
      - Newham
        
        Ethnicity: Most diverse - 30% White; 26% Black Car/ African; 39% Asian
        
        Income: Low income areas
        
        Housing: Mostly rented - 32% Own; 35% Rent priv.; 32% Rent soc.
        
        Services: Schools under pressure; social services too
        
        Culture: Mainly Asian
    - - Help defend against discrimination
      - Support ethnic shops and services
      - Preserve cultural distinctiveness
    - - International
        
        Unskilled
        
        Come from EU, also India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and W.Africa
        
        Easy cheap work to do
        
        Skilled
        
        White, highly qual from USA, EU, S.Africa and Aus
        
        Well-paid in knowledge economy
      - Internal
        
        Recent uni grads
      - 21-35 yrs old
- - - - '81 - Docks close
      - Reliant industries moved
      - Unemployment rates >60% w/ depopulation
    - - Moving further out the city
      - Underground opening in 1863 supported this growth
      - Electrification of '20s surface rail supported this growth
    - - Out of town shopping centres i.e. Croydon Whitgift Centre
      - Retail parks close to radial roads i.e Kew Retail Park
      - Buisness parks i.e. Stockley Park near London Heathrow
    - - Westfield in Stratford and Shepherd's Bush/White City
  - - - Very varied
        
        Hackney is old factories and new flats
        
        Most expensive suburbs in Kensington
      - Industrial Rev saw factories and terraced housing
      - High income suburbs developed
    - - Some industry
      - Housing w/gardens
    - - Most densely built
      - Oldest part of city
      - Multiple CBD's where radial roads intersect
  - - - Radial network of roads - A/M1 is North then clockwise numbering
      - Most major A roads lead to London
    - - HS2 planned
      - Manchester/Birmingham - 3 fast services per hr
      - UK's fastest rail links London w/ other major cities
    - - 2nd largest int airport in Heathrow
      - Largest air 'hub'
      - Eurostar connection to European cities
  - - - How to sustainably? Car ISN'T answer
        
        Electric Vehicle points
        
        Hybrid transport
        
        Congestion & T-charge
        
        Increase in bus passegers
    - - Longer commutes required = longer journies
        
        'First Steps' programme - buy some property, rent the rest
        
        Limit for this is £60,000
        
        Min wage workers squeezed out by those earning more, yet qualified
    - - Can affordable houses be cheap to run by being energy efficient?
        
        ONLY 1 project so far
        
        BedZED - Zero Energy Developement
    - - Can you do it outside the office?
        
        Work at home 1-2 days per week
        
        Flexible hours allow off-peak times travelling
        
        HOWEVER there are limitations
    - - Should it be protected?
        
        Could it be protected w/ more housing needed?
        
        Loss of farmland is possible
        
        Loss of rural scenery possible
    - - Can we control our waste?
        
        More recycling bins
        
        2020 plan of 10% :arrow_down: of household waste
        
        Providing accessible points
        
        Reusing waste
        
        Waste burning stations to also give energy
  - - - Single for longer - need more homes
    - - Fallen; low fertility rates, 3x fallen
    - - Same amount of people use more space 'cause of gardens
    - - Conorbations caused this
    - - Since '91
      - Space: Docks/industries closed make way for regen projects on brownfield sites
      - Investment: Large TNCs create jobs; lots of HQs here
      - Gentrification: Affleunt epeople live closer to work i.e. Fulham
      - Studentification: Cities full of uni students
- - - - New transport links
      - Derelict land now in use
      - Expensive housing
      - Pop growth faster than house building
      - Oversea investors buy but leave land vacant
  - - - Knowledge economy jobs
        
        Banking
        
        Law
        
        Insurance
        
        IT
        
        Creative Industries
      - Background Info
        
        Early and late hours to trade internationally
        
        4x average wage of £100,000
      - Companies
        
        HSBC
        
        JP Morgan
    - - Background Info
        
        10,000 people
        
        In Rotherham, South Yorkshire
      - Past
        
        Well paid jobs
        
        Yorkshire coalfield's biggest collieries 'till '92
        
        Full time jobs
      - Present
        
        Buisness park instead of colliery band
        
        New buisness park w/ 1700 new jobs
        
        Working in Dinnington now
        
        Need to commute to get to work
        
        Few adv jobs were actually in Din.
        
        Most were temporary jobs
        
        Low wage work i.e. care workers
        
        Skilled workers had little above the average wage
        
        Most jobs were full-time, with some part-time
    - - Flexibility
        
        I.e. musicians flexibly record entire albums at home
        
        Using IT to work anywhere, anytime
        
        Work w/ collegues elsewhere
        
        Avoid paying for expensive spaces
      - Methods
        
        Teleworking
      - Adv and DisAdv
        
        Better health; more breaks during day
        
        No communting = less stress and congestion
        
        Less absent/sick leave
        
        Parents work home, saving child-care money
        
        Suits disabled people
        
        Allows variable hours
        
        Better productivity
        
        Isolation
        
        Difficult to motivate & organise
        
        Never disappering work
- - - - Railway 5mins away than trains take 45min to LON
      - 5min drive to A12, links LON and Colchester
      - Chelmsford 7miles away
  - - - Employee had grants
      - Regular weekly spending of said emplotyees
    - - £9 per sq ft v £90 C.London
      - Very accessible
      - 3km from Exeter Airport - daily London flights + Europe
      - 42 train services to London - quickest is 2hrs
      - 0.5km from J29 M5
    - - Population change is drastic
      - AONB 2/3 of Devon - hard to get permissions
      - Average income is 10% < UK Average (£405 a week)
      - Housing only 3% cheaper than average
      - Pressure on leisure and recreation
  - - - Long county - 140km w/ no motorway
      - No large pop centres
      - Barely any knowledge economy
      - Employment is seasonal
    - - 38% of villages have GP; open 1 day per week
      - Buses serve 70% of village 3-4x day
      - Truro :hospital: is 30miles away for most of W.Cornwall - dif bet life and death
      - 30 miles to travel to nearest education or training
    - - Farming
        
        Dairy cattle fallen by 60% since 2000
      - Fishing
        
        Serious decline 'cause of overfishing
      - China clay quarrying
        
        World's best china clay
        
        Owned by French TNC
        
        Ugly wasteland left behind
      - Tin Mining
        
        Hard to mine
        
        Needs high global price
        
        Last mine shut in '98
    - - Problems
        
        Sustainable aims fallen short
        
        Visitor numbers fallen
      - Opened 2001
      - 13m visits
      - £1bn extra to local economy
      - Employed 700 + 3000 ext jobs
    - - Tourism includes using local areas and transforming them
      - Farming helps employ local people