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Maintaining Information [Memory] - Coggle Diagram
Maintaining Information [Memory]
Sensory Memory
preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
doesn't last long
allows sensation of visual pattern, sound / touch
linger a brief moment after sensory stimulation is over
brief preservation of sensation
gives additional time
try to recognize stimuli
Short-term memory
limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds
engaging rehearsal
process of repetitively verbalizing / thinking about information
Durability of Storage
w/o rehearsal
information in STM is lost in 10-20 secs
loss of information from STM
attributable purely to time-related decay of memory traces
interference from competing material also contributes
Capacity of Storage
limited in number of items hold
only recall about 7 items in task
require use of STM
STM filled to capacity
insertion of new info
bumps out some info in STM
constrains ability to perform tasks
need to mentally juggle various pieces of info
increase capacity
combining stimuli into larger, possibly higher-order units
chunks
group of familiar stimuli stored as single unit
people routinely draw info out of LTM memory bank
evaluate & understand info
working w STM
STM as Working Memory
STM involves more than rehearsal buffer
working memory
modular system for temporary storage & manipulation of storage
Alan Baddeley ( 4 concepts )
phonological loop
represented all of STM
evolved to foster acquisition of language
visuospatial sketchpad
permits to temporarily hold & manipulate visual images
central executive system
controls deployment of attention, switching focus of attention & dividing attention
episodic buffer
temporary, limited capacity store
allows various components of working memory
integrate info
serves as an interface btween working memory & LTM
handles greater variety of functions & depends on more complicated processes
working memory capacity
one's ability to hold & manipulate info in conscious attention
stable personality trait
influenced to considerable degree by heredity
temporarily reduced
situational factors
eg. pressure to perform
greater WMC
especially flexible & effective
allocation of working memory
let mind wander from task at hand
better at staying focus
variations in WMC ⇌ +ve measures of high-level cognitive abilities
WMC critical
complex cognition
influence musical abilities
↑ WMC
crucial to evolution of complex cognitive processes & creativity
Long-Term Memory
unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
stored permanently
forgetting occurs
cannot retrieve needed information
some memories stored in LTM vanish forever
flashbulb memories
thought to be unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
mostly in relation to -ve events
become less detailed & complete with time & often inaccurate
people subjectively feel that these memories are exceptionally vivid
Representing Knowledge in Memory
Categories & Conceptual Hierarchies
organize info into categories
storage in memory
clustering
tendency to remember similar items in groups
factual info
organized into conceptual hierarchies
multilevel classification system based on common properties among items
improve recall dramatically
Schemas
an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object / event abstracted from previous experience with the object / event
people more likely remember things consistent with schemas
sometimes exhibit better recall of things
violate schema-based expectations
info clashes w schema
attract extra attention & deeper processing
more memorable
Sematic Networks
consist of nodes representing concepts, joined tgt by pathways that link related concepts
less systematic framework
useful
explaining why thinking about one word can make closely related word
easier to remember
thoughts naturally go to related words
spreading activation
activation spreads out along pathways of SN surrounding the word
strength of activation ↓ as it travel outwards