Getting Information into Brain [Memory]
Definition
encoding
forming a memory code
storage
maintaining encoded information in memory over time
retrieval
recovering information from memory stores
Role of Attention
intend to remember information
pay attention
attention
focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli / events
"selective attention"
crucial to everyday functioning
dividing attention btween memory encoding & other task
large reduction in memory performance
-ve impacts
performance of tasks
complex / unfamiliar
human brain can only effectively handle one attention consuming task at a time
multitasking
switching attention back & forth among tasks
least able to juggle multiple task
Levels of Processing
attend things different ways
focus on different aspect of stimulus input
qualitative differences
how people attend to information
influence how much they remember
different rates of forgetting occur
some methods of encoding
create more durable memory codes
incoming information
processed at different levels
levels-of-processing theory
proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
- structural encoding
shallow processing
emphasize physical structure of stimulus
- phonemic encoding
emphasize what a word sound like
- sematic encoding
emphasize the meaning of verbal input
deeper processing
enhanced memory
Enriching Encoding
elaboration
sematic encoding
enhanced
elaboration
linking of a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
additional connections created
help people remember information
differences
help explain why different approaches to sematic processing result in varied amount of retention
visual imagery
imagery
creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered
enrich encoding
easier
form images of concrete objects
ease of image formation affects memory
provide 2nd kind of memory code
Allan Paivio
dual-coding theory
holds that memory is enhanced by forming both sematic and visual codes since either can lead to recall
motivation to remember
MTR ↑ at time of encoding
information perceived to be impt
exert extra effort
attend & organize information
facilitate future recall
greater recall
↑ MTR at time of retrieval
little effect