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transport - Coggle Diagram
transport
What is traffic congestion ?
Traffic congestion may occur when a large number of people are moving.
Movement of people and goods from place to place, in a reasonable amount of time and at an acceptable cost.
how and where does traffic congestion occur?
Traffic congestion occurs due to accidents on the road and road works. They can also occur during peak hours when there is a large number of people travelling from or to work at the same time.
Traffic congestion usually occurs in the central business district ( CBD ). CBD is where businesses such as financial institutions are located. Hence many people commute to and from the CBD which causes traffic congestion.
how does traffic congestion affect people and the environment ?
On people :
Reduced Productivity
People have to spend more time commuting and wastes time that could be spent on productive work.
For example, in Lagos, Nigeria, traffic congestion can costs as much as 28% of the country's annual income per year.
An efficient transport system can provide a city with up to US$238 billion in economic value annually by 2030.
Stress on Physical and Mental Health
Physical Health : condition of a person's body. - Mental Health : a person's psychological state as indicated by his or her emotions and behaviour.
People caught in traffic congestion often experience stress and anxiety.
Long travelling can lead to fatigue. Drivers are more prone to losing their concentration or falling asleep, causing accidents and even deaths.
Long term exposure to exhaust fumes has been linked to several health problems such as asthma and lung disease.
Drivers may become more prone to stress while stuck in traffic. This increases their chances of being involved in accidents and fight wit other drivers.
On the environment :
Air pollution
Cars emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.These gases cause the earth's temperature to rise because they trap heat. When vehicles remain stationary in traffic congestion, or constantly accelerate and brake, wasted fuel will increase air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.
Cars also produce harmful air pollutants which contribute to poor quality.
Smog is a combination of smoke and fog and can cause difficulty in breathing, asthma and other health problems. Smog also slows down plan growth and harms the environment.
Noise pollution
occurs when there is harmful and excessive noise that may disrupt human and animal life.
For example, in Kolkata, India, there is noise pollution due to drivers honking their cars very frequently. Each honks usually more than 65 decibels.
studies have found that prolonged exposure to harmful noises can trigger heart disease, high blood pressure and mental illness.
characteristics of urban transport
variety of transport modes - density of transport networks - quality of transport infrastructure