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Chapter 9- Parenting, prenatal and early childhood development. - Coggle…

- - - - Forms of Social Support:
        
        money
        
        babysitting
        
        emergency help
        
        -Having friends and family involved in a child's life means increased opportunity to experience warmth, affection and praise.
    - - Forms of Emotional Support
        
        Prior to the baby ariving:
        
        fear about being a good parent
        -fear about the health of the child
        
        After giving birth:
        -frustration from exhaustion
        -regret at loss of lifestyle and freedom
        
        Emotional support can come in the form of:
        
        sharing experiences
        
        encouragement
        
        Research shows that the extent to which parents perceive themselves as competent is linked to parent wellbeing and children's health and wellbeing and development.
    - - Knowledge
        
        parenting knowledge
        
        maternal nutrition
        
        smoking, alcohol and drugs
        
        stress and anxiety
        
        accessing health care benefits of breastfeeding
        
        reducing risk of SIDS accessing health care
        
        education
        
        A high level of education can lead to increased employment opportunities and ability to generate income, which can be used to buy other resources that families require to be healthy.
      - Material resources
        
        Items required during and after pregnancy:
        
        doctor and hospital bills
        
        maternity clothes baby clothes and equipment
        
        childcare (family or centre)
        
        transport
        
        furniture
        
        housing
      - Government Resources
        
        Federal
        
        Medicare
        
        Dad and Partner Pay Paid Parental Leave
        
        Pregnancy, Birth and Baby helpline
        
        Raising Children website
        
        State
        
        Maternal and Child Health Service
        
        My Health, Learning and Development Record
        
        Maternal and Child Health Line
        
        Local
        
        recreation facilities
        
        immunisation programs
        
        long daycare
        
        local maternal
        
        child health services playgroups
- - - - implantation - the attachment of the fertilised egg to the uterine lining.
      - blastocyst - (4–5 days after fertilisation) has a cavity inside the zona pellucida along with an inner cell mass.
      - Morula - distinct from a blastocyst in that a morula (3–4 days after fertilisation) is a mass of 16 totipotent cells in a spherical shape
    - - The embryo is around 2cm in length by the end of the stage. many organs and systems have started to develop in the process called organogenesis.
      - Cell differentiation is where cells take on specialised roles such as heart cells, skin cells and bone cells
      - Teratogens are anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in the development. Examples include tobacco smoke, alcohol, prescription medication and some diseases.
    - - Placenta: By 14 weeks, placenta is fully developed and functioning. This organ is mainly made up of blood vessels and acts to exchange substances between mother and foetus. Placenta produces hormones that maintain the pregnancy and prevent another pregnancy from occurring.
      - Foetus: At the beginning of this stage, the foetus is around 2.5cm in length and weighs 2 grams. At the end of this stage, it is about 50cm in length and weighs 3500 grams.
      - Premature: Babies are considered premature if they are born three or more weeks before their due date. The more premature a baby is, the harder it is for them to survive. Changes to the lungs are perhaps the most important development that happens at this stage.
- - - - impact on health and well-being: increased risk of premature birth, increased risk of stillbirth, undernourishment of nutrients due to alcohol blocking absorption
      - impacts on physical development: low birthweight, small head circumference, small eyes, smaller lower jaw
  - - - Folate: assists with the formation of red blood cells, DNA synthesis and nervous system development. It is therefore crucial during the prenatal stage of development.
        
        Neural Tube defects: Neural tube defects are severe birth defects of the brain and spine. Spina bifida, encephalocele and anencephaly are the most common types.Getting enough folate before and during pregnancy can prevent many neural tube defects.
      - Iodine: Important for brain and nervous system development, iodine deficiency during pregnancy can lead to stunted growth and intellectual disability.
      - Iron: Iron is required for haemoglobin, the component of blood that carries oxygen around the body. Increased energy demands in both the foetus and mother require increased oxygen and therefore, increased iron during pregnancy.
      - foods to avoid: Foods that contain the Listeria monocytogenes bacteria should be avoided as these can cause listera infection, which can increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth or premature labour.
- - - - learning how to resolve problems without tantrums - 'use your words'
        approval from parents becomes important at around twelve months - infants can become distressed if parents are cross with them
  - - - Self awareness develops, seperation anxiety can begin around 8 months.
      - family is the most significant influence at this stage.
      - usually at around 6 weeks, a smile is the first form of communication, recognition of facial expressions on others begins at around 6 months.
- - - - muscle development means gross motor skills improve - kick, catch, skip
        
        coordination of limbs and equipment - riding a bike, skipping rope
        
        active play is important for this
        
        fine motor skills further develop - buttons, shoelaces, handwriting
        
        left/right handedness starts to appear
    - - height - increases around 6cm per year
        
        weight - increases around 2.5kg per year
        
        brain reaches 90% of adult size
        
        body proportions - limbs and torso become more proportionate to head
        
        body composition - fat decreases, muscle increases
    - - First set of teeth complete buy third year
  - - - family: routines, outings functions - teaching children how to communicate with different people
        meeting family members and bonding
        visiting shops, services, community places and people
      - kinder: childcare - teaching how to interact with other children
        taking turns, sharing, making friends
        
        activities, hobbies, playdates: spending time away from family
        develop independence - doing things for themselves
        (dressing, hygiene, eating)
    - - learning acceptable behaviours: family - listening to caregivers, taking care of belongings, tidying up
      - seeking attention/acceptance - showing off, performing
      - social roles - jobs, community, family
        
        family roles - imitation of parents/carers/extended family
        
        community roles - learned through play and imagination, interaction with others
  - - - pride in achievements, enjoyment of positive feedback
      - play allows for expression of feelings - make believe
      - jealousy of others who receive attention
    - - still use violence when frustrated
      - moods change quickly - poor control over emotions
      - sense of empathy - care for others who are upset
    - - ownership becomes important
      - develop identity - associate things with themselves (objects, characteristics, spaces)
  - - - interest in the world - asking questions, sharing knowledge
      - attention span increases - remember and follow sequence of three instructions
      - classifying objects - one category at a time (colour, size, shape)
    - - number order, but not value - counting is merely memorising order
      - prediction of outcomes is a challenge - more comfortable with concrete concepts (what they have seen before)
      - basic reading and writing
    - - rapid development of words and how to use them vocabulary approximately 1500-2500 words
- - - - impact on development: reduced muscle bulk, reduced coordination, poor sucking and swallowing reflexes, greater likelihood of impaired growth and motor skill development, greater likelihood of impaired learning capabilities, damage to retinas - vision impairment, increased risk of cerebral palsy, increased risk of deafness
      - impact on health and wellbeing: reduced lung function, increased risk of bronchitis, feeding difficulties - lack of nutritional intake, increased risk of bradycardia (slowing of heart rate), apnoea (suspension of breathing), jaundice (yellowing of skin due to poor liver function), increased risk of asthma in childhood
    - - short term consequences: physical discomfort, bone and joint problems, asthma or shortness of breath during exercise, tiredness/lethargy, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, interrupted sleep due to breathing difficulties, social and psychological distress due to teasing and bullying, low self-esteem
      - long term consequences: - twice the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in adulthood, three times the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in adulthood, increased risk of premature death, poor self-esteem can lead to alcohol use and smoking
  - - - a strong, lasting bond between a baby and his or her caregiver.
    - - short term affects of abuse
        
        sleeping difficulties
        
        regressing (e.g. bed-wetting, thumb-sucking)
        
        anxiety and fear
        
        aggressive or antisocial behaviour, isolation
        
        not attending social or school events
        
        bullying (perpetrator or victim) or cruelty to animals
        
        stress-related illnesses (headaches, stomach cramps)
        
        speech problems (e.g. stutter)
      - long term affects of abuse
        
        In the long-term, children who are abused may grow up to behave in destructive ways in their own relationships. Witnessing violent behaviours in adult role-models can lead to children using violence to solve their own problems later in life.
  - - - emotional
        
        reduction in fear, anxiety, stress and irritability. can create joy, self-esteem and mastery
      - social
        
        increased empathy, sharing, relationships, attachment
      - intellectual
        
        creativity, problem solving and language skills
      - physical
        
        increased efficiency of immune, endocrine and cardiovascular systems, increased agility, coordination, balance, and fine and gross motor skills
    - - developmental delays in attention span, fine motor skills and dexterity, speaking and socialisation
        
        lack the motor skills needed to play with building blocks because of an 'addiction; to tablet computers and smartphones
    - - when there is no routine for eating and sleeping, and comforting occurs unpredictably, sleep-wake patterns and ability to settle do not develop well. this means there is less likelihood that the baby will form healthy routines and the ability to self regulate. secure, stable housing with quiet, predictable sleeping areas for babies are important for promoting optimal development in childhood and through to adulthood. research suggests that inadequate amounts of sleep lead to disruptive behaviour patterns, diminished intellectual performance and greater risk of obesity in childhood and adulthood