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Bilingualism and Multilingualism from a Socio-Psychological Perspective,…
Bilingualism and Multilingualism from a Socio-Psychological Perspective
1. Understanding Multilingualism in Context
Questions concerning bilingualism and multilingualism take on increasing importance from both scholarly and pragmatic points of view.
The investigation of bi- and multilingualism is a broad and complex field.
2. Bilingualism as a Natural Global Phenomenon: Becoming Bilingual
According to Ethnologue, 94% of the world’s population employs approximately 5% of its language resources.
3. Describing Bilingualism
Bilingualism is a lifelong process involving a host of factors.
Bilingual individuals are subjected to a wide variety of labels, scales, and dichotomies, which constitute a basis of debates over what is bilingualism and who is a bilingual.
3.1 Individual Bilingualism: A Profile
The profile of this author further highlights the problems and challenges of defining and describing a bilingual or multilingual person.
A close analysis of his bilingualism reveals that no single label or category accounts for his multifaceted bilingualism/multilingualism.
3.2 Social Bilingualism
While social bilingualism embodies linguistic dimensions of individual bilingualism, a host of social, attitudinal, educational, and historical aspects of bilingualism primarily determine the nature of social bilingualism.
While elite bilingualism is viewed as an asset, folk bilingualism is seen as problematic both in social and educational arenas.
3.3 Political Bilingualism
Political bilingualism refers to the language policies of a country.
Unlike individual bilingualism, categories such as monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual nations do not reflect the actual linguistic situation in a particular country.
4. The Bilingual Mind: Language Organization, Language Choices, and Verbal Behavior
It is a decision to speak multiple languages requires a complex unconscious process on the part of bilinguals.
Misconception of bilingual verbal behavior is also responsible for communication misunderstandings about social motivations of bilinguals’ language choices by monolinguals.
4.1 Bilingual Language Modes
Bilinguals are like a sliding switch who can move between one or more language states/modes as required for the production, comprehension, and processing of verbal messages in a most cost-effective and efficient way.
The failure to ensure natural conditions responsible for the activation of bilingual language mode is a common methodological shortcoming of bilingual language testing.
4.2 Bilingual Language Separation and Language Integration
Language mixing is a far more complex cognitive ability than language separation.
I. Language mixing as a systematic phenomenon.
Studies of formal factors in the occurrence of CM attempt to tap the unconscious knowledge of bilinguals about the internal structure of code-mixed sentences.
II. Motivations for language mixing.
The challenge for linguistic research in the new millennium is to separate grammatical constraints from those motivated by, or triggered by, socio-pragmatic factors or competence.
III. Social evaluation of language mixing.
They blame mixing on “memory lapse,” among other things, and promise to correct their verbal behavior, vowing not to mix languages.
IV. Language mixing and other related phenomena.
The distinction between code-mixing and code-switching is controversial for a number of reasons, particularly the integration of the participating grammar’s intrasententially details.
5. Bilingual Language Development: Nature vs. Nurture
This is due to the fact that attaining bilingualism is a lifelong process; a complex array of conditions gives rise to the development of language among bilinguals.
Including imparting pragmatic and communicative competence and providing negative and positive evidence to children undergoing heritage language development with sociolinguistically real verbal interactional patterns
6. Simultaneous vs. Sequential Childhood Bilingualism
Patterns:
(1) Simultaneous bilingualism
(2) Sequential bilingualism
7. Adult Bilingualism: UG and Native Language Dominance
The loss of plasticity results in the completion of lateralization of language function in the left hemisphere.
The differential competencies, as evident from the different types of adult bilinguals, can be accounted for primarily on sociolinguistic grounds.
8. Effects of Bilingualism
Their line of argument was that crowding the brain with two languages leads to a variety of impairments in both the linguistic and the cognitive abilities of the child.
Cognitive, cultural, economic, and cross-cultural communication advantages of childhood and lifelong bilingualism are many, including reversing the effects of aging.
9. Bilingualism: Language Spread, Maintenance, Endangerment, and Death
Language contact and its consequences represent the core of theoretical and descriptive linguistic studies devoted to bilingualism, and onto which globalization has added a new dimension.
Research on language maintenance, language shift, and language death addresses the questions of why and how some languages spread and others die.
Critical Analysis of Scholarship
The complexity and diverse conditions responsible for lifelong bilingualism has led to a better understanding of this phenomenon on theoretical, methodological, and analytical grounds.
Issues and Conceptualization
His set the stage for the “linguistic deficiency hypothesis” about bilingual children and adults on one hand and the limited linguistic capacity of the brain on the other. When looking from the lens of monolingualism, a “factional view”.
Name:
Sherlyn Huertas
Date:
15/08/2021
Class:
5"B"
